- Strong Center: The Indian Constitution gives more powers to the Union government in both legislative and financial matters, making it more powerful than the states.
- Single Constitution: India follows a single constitution for both the Union and the States (except for special cases like Article 370 earlier), unlike other federations where states may have their own constitutions.
- Power to Change State Boundaries: Under Article 3, the Parliament has the authority to alter the boundaries, name, or even the existence of states without needing their consent.
- Emergency Provisions: During national, state, or financial emergencies, the Union government gains sweeping powers and can take full control over state functions, turning the federal system into a unitary one.
- Single Citizenship: India grants only one citizenship to all its citizens, regardless of the state they belong to, which promotes national unity and reduces regional identity.
- Appointment of Governors: The Governors of states are appointed by the President (central government) and often act as representatives of the center, which can influence state administration.
These provisions reflect that while India has a federal structure, it also includes several unitary features, making it a quasi-federal system.
