Question

Explain briefly the modern perspective or models of abnormal behaviour. 

Answer 1

1. Biological Model: 
   • Views abnormal behaviour as a result of biological factors such as genetics, brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter imbalances, and hormonal issues.
   • Example: Schizophrenia may be linked to dopamine imbalance.
2. Psychodynamic Model:
   • Developed by Sigmund Freud, this model sees abnormal behaviour as a result of unconscious conflicts, often rooted in childhood experiences.
   • Focus on id, ego, superego, and defence mechanisms.
3. Behavioural Model:
   • Based on learning theories (classical and operant conditioning).
   • Abnormal behaviour is learnt and maintained by reinforcement or association.
   • Example: Phobias developed through conditioning.
4. Cognitive Model:
   1. Focuses on faulty thinking patterns and irrational beliefs.
   2. Abnormal behaviour arises from distorted thoughts, perceptions, and interpretations of events.
5. Humanistic-Existential Model:
   • Emphasizes self-actualization, personal growth, and free will.
   • Abnormality results when an individual is blocked from reaching full potential or lacks meaning in life.
6. Socio-Cultural Model:
   • Considers social, cultural, and environmental influences.
   • Factors include poverty, discrimination, family dynamics, and societal expectations.
7. Diathesis-Stress Model:
   • Integrates biological vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stressors.
   • Explains how disorders develop through the interaction of predisposition and life stress.