Question

Distinguish between the following.

Gondwana coalfield and Tertiary coalfield.

Answer 1

Sr. No.	Basis	Gondwana coalfield	Tertiary coalfield
1.	Geological Age	They are much older, formed over 200 million years ago during the Carboniferous period.	They are relatively younger, formed about 15 to 60 million years ago.
2.	Share of Reserves	They represent the vast majority of India's coal wealth, accounting for about 98% of total coal reserves.	They represent a very small fraction, accounting for only about 2% of India's total coal reserves.
3.	Quality/Type of Coal	Produce high-grade coal, predominantly Bituminous coal (and some Anthracite).	Produce lower-grade coal, predominantly Lignite, Peat, and sub-bituminous coal.
4.	Moisture and Sulphur Content	Contains very low moisture and low sulphur, making it highly suitable for industrial use.	Contains high moisture and a high proportion of sulphur, which reduces its burning efficiency and causes pollution.
5.	Geographical Distribution	Primarily located in the river valleys of Peninsular India (Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Wardha valleys).	Primarily found in the North-Eastern states, with some deposits in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir.