Question

Discuss any four causes of the Indo-Pak War of 1965.

Answer 1

The Indo-Pak War of 1965 was primarily caused by tensions over Kashmir and other geopolitical issues:

1. Kashmir Dispute: The main cause was Pakistan’s claim to Jammu and Kashmir, which had joined India in 1947. Despite a 1949 UN-brokered ceasefire, Pakistan remained dissatisfied and wanted a military solution.
2. Operation Gibraltar: In August 1965, Pakistan began Operation Gibraltar to spark an uprising in Kashmir by infiltrating commandos dressed as local rebels. The local community did not support the insurgents, and India responded with force.
3. Cross-border Clashes: Border skirmishes, especially in the Rann of Kutch in April 1965, raised tensions and led to preparations for war. The conflict extended to the Kashmir and the Punjab region.
4. Pakistan’s Miscalculation of India’s Strength: After the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan believed India’s military confidence had been broken and so underestimated its military capabilities. Since 1962, India’s military has significantly strengthened, resulting in strong defence.