Question

Considering the rapid depletion of groundwater and its implications for food and water security in India, sustainable management of groundwater resources is needed. Source: [Journal of Hydrology, Volume 596, May 2021]

1. How is ‘groundwater’ different from ‘surface water’?
2. Why is the groundwater level rapidly declining in India?
3. Name one conservation measure that will help in recharging of the groundwater.

Answer 1

1. Groundwater is the water stored below the ground in soil, subsoil, and rock formations (aquifers); surface water is the water that lies on the land surface (rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs). Groundwater therefore moves and is stored underground and makes up a much smaller proportion of usable fresh water than surface stores.
2. Major causes are over‑extraction (especially for irrigation), rapid population growth, urbanisation and industrial demand, poor water‑management practices, reduced natural recharge (loss of vegetation and runoff management), and contamination/sea‑water intrusion in coastal areas. Agriculture consumes the vast majority of freshwater withdrawals, which drives heavy groundwater pumping in many regions.
3. Rainwater harvesting is an effective measure that will help in recharging of the groundwater.