Topics
Controlling Air Pollution
- From Domestic Combustionc
- From Industries
- From Vehicles
- Traffic Management
- Economic Policy
Addressing Population
- The Link Between Growing Population and Environmental Degradation
- Theories of Population Growth
- Strategies for Controlling Growth of Population
- Poverty Alleviation Programmes and Their Target Sectors
Managing the Urban Environment
- Urbanisation in India
- Planning Environmental Improvement
- Rural Development to Counter Migration
- Development of Secondary Cities to Counter Migration
- Community Participation and Contribution of Private Enterprises
Managing Soil and Land
- Conserving Soil
- Land Reforms
- National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
- Role of Women and Community in Conservation
- Combating Deforestation
- Managing Forest Grazing
- Alternatives to Timber
Food
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Problem of Global Food Security, Food Aid
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity at Risk Due to Human Actions
- Conserving Our Genetic Resource: In-situ and Ex-situ; Harvesting Wildlife
- Conservation Strategies at National and International Levels
Energy
- Fossil Fuels Used to Produce Electricity
- A Sustainable Energy Future
Waste
- Solid Wastes
- Where Does the Trash Go?
- Solid Wastes
Environment and Development
- Global Environmental Pollution
- Economic Development and Environmental Degradation.
- International Trade
- Multinational Corporations
Towards a Sustainable Future
- Global Interdependence – Economic and Environmental
- International Cooperation
- Concept of Sustainable Development
- Role of Non-governmental Organisations
- Technology that Sustains
- Poverty Alleviation Programs
- Real-Life Application
- Key Point Summary
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11
Poverty Alleviation Programs
- Wage Employment (EGS, MGNREGS): The government guarantees a minimum number of paid workdays for adults in rural households, typically through projects like roads, wells, or public causeways.
- Self-Employment (SGSY): Poor families are organised into self-help groups, receive training and funding, and can start micro-enterprises like tailoring, dairy, or small shops.
- Financial Inclusion (JDY): Every household can open a bank account and receive insurance, pensions, and subsidies directly via the account. Debit cards and overdraft facilities are included.
- Sanitation (SBM): Focus on building toilets and cleaning public spaces; promoting hygiene for health benefits.
- Education (SSA): All children have access to free, quality elementary education; it bridges gender and social gaps.
- Food Security (AAY): Targets the poorest, providing subsidised grains via ration cards.
- Housing (PMAY): Financial support for building safe and affordable houses in rural areas.
- Health (NHM): Addresses gaps in healthcare through improved health centres, immunisation drives, and support for mothers/children.
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11
Real-Life Application
- MGNREGS: A villager registers for work, builds a pond and gets wages weekly credited to a bank account—helping feed the family during the non-farm season.
- JDY: A small grocer opens a bank account under JDY, secures accident insurance, and receives subsidy payments digitally.
- SGSY: A group of weavers receives training, a loan, and starts selling products locally as a "self-help group enterprise".
Maharashtra State Board: Class 11
Key Point Summary
- Schemes target essentials: work, money, education, food, home, health, and sanitation.
- Eligibility often depends on poverty level, rural residence, or weaker social status.
- Participation means not only benefits but also active steps (registering, joining groups, etc.).
- Welfare schemes aim to uplift marginalised sections and bridge gaps between urban and rural India.
