मराठी
CISCE(English Medium) ICSE Class 10
प्रश्नपत्रिका४३३
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तरे५४१४८
MCQ ऑनलाइन सराव परीक्षा७
महत्वाचे प्रश्न आणि उत्तरे७८१०
संकल्पना स्पष्टीकरण आणि व्हिडिओ११०८
टाइम टेबल२०
अभ्यासक्रम

Overview of Industries in India Part II - Mineral-Based Industries

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CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Iron and Steel Industry

  • Iron and steel industry is a basic or key industry, as many industries like construction, railways, machinery, defence and engineering depend on it; its production shows a country’s economic growth.
  • The industry is mainly located in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal due to the availability of raw materials like iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone.
  • Steel production involves three main stages—smelting of iron ore, purification by adding alloys, and casting/rolling into sheets, rods and other shapes.
  • Sponge iron (Direct Reduced Iron) is produced by reducing iron ore using carbon; India is one of the largest producers of sponge iron.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Integrated steel plants and Mini Steel Plants

  • Steel in India is produced in two types of plants—Integrated steel plants and Mini steel plants.
  • Integrated steel plants carry out pig iron production, steel making and rolling under one roof.
  • Mini steel plants are smaller units using electric furnaces and scrap iron or sponge iron as raw material, and are mostly located near cities.
  • Advantages of mini steel plants include low cost of production, less pollution, lower capital investment and flexible location.
  • The main limitation of mini steel plants is their total dependence on electric power; major centres include Kanpur, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Delhi, Pune and Ranchi.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)

  • Tata Steel (formerly TISCO) was established in 1907 by Sir Jamshedji Tata at Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) and is the oldest and largest private sector steel plant in India.
  • The plant has an ideal location, with iron ore, coal, limestone and manganese available within a short distance from Jharkhand and Odisha.
  • Coal from Jharia and Bokaro, water from the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers, and power from the Damodar Valley Corporation support its operations.
  • It has good transport and market access, being well connected by rail and road and close to Kolkata port for export of steel products.
  • Tata Steel produces carbon steel, acid steel for railways, alloy steel, tin plates, rods, sheets and defence-grade steel.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Bhilai Steel Plant(BSP)

  • Bhilai Steel Plant was set up in 1955 at Bhilai (Durg district, Chhattisgarh) with USSR collaboration and is a unit of SAIL.
  • It is India’s first and main producer of steel rails for the Indian Railways and one of the largest steel plants in the country.
  • The plant gets iron ore from Dalli–Rajhara, manganese from Balaghat, limestone from Nandini, and coal from Jharia, Bokaro and Korba.
  • Thermal power from Korba, water from the Tandula reservoir, and good rail transport on the Mumbai–Nagpur–Kolkata route support its functioning.
  • Its major products include heavy rails, structural beams, wire rods, billets, shipbuilding plates, and by-products like coal tar and ammonium sulphate.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP)

  • Rourkela Steel Plant started production in 1959 with German collaboration (Krupps and Demag) and is the first public sector integrated steel plant in India under SAIL.
  • It is located at Rourkela in Sundargarh district, Odisha, near the confluence of the Sankha and Koel rivers, ensuring good water supply.
  • The plant gets iron ore from Sundargarh and Keonjhar, manganese from Barajamda, limestone from Birmitrapur, and coal from Jharia, Talcher and Korba.
  • Power from the Hirakud Project, water from the Mandira Dam and Mahanadi River, and location on the Kolkata–Nagpur rail line support its operations.
  • Major products include hot and cold rolled sheets, galvanised sheets, electrical (silicon) steel, and nitrogen by-products used in fertilizers.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant

  • Visakhapatnam Steel Plant is the only shore-based, large integrated steel plant in India, located at Visakhapatnam port in Andhra Pradesh.
  • It is a modern and export-oriented plant, producing steel of international quality, exported to China and South-East Asia.
  • The plant gets iron ore from Bailadila (Chhattisgarh) and limestone, dolomite and manganese from Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
  • Coal from the Damodar Valley, power from the Vizag Steel Plant Power Station, and water from the Kanithi Balancing Reservoir support its operations.
  • The plant produces liquid steel and saleable steel and employs labour mainly from Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Petrochemical Industry

  • Petrochemicals are organic chemicals derived from petroleum, LPG, natural gas and coal and are usually located near oil refineries for raw materials like naphtha, ethylene and benzene.
  • This industry manufactures a wide range of products such as synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers, insecticides, paints, adhesives, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
  • Petrochemical products are widely used in domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors and often replace natural materials like jute, leather, steel and rubber (e.g., PVC pipes instead of steel pipes).
  • Advantages include low cost, mass production, stable supply of raw materials, and less dependence on agriculture, making products cheaper and easily available.
  • Major petrochemical centres in India include Vadodara (IPCL, PCL), Mumbai–Belapur (NOCIL), Chennai (Herdillia Chemicals), Bongaigaon (Assam), Hazira (Reliance) and Haldia (West Bengal).
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Electronics

  • The electronics industry in India began in the 1950s with radio manufacturing and has expanded into computers, defence, medical, communication, space and IT sectors.
  • It is a skill-intensive and fast-growing industry, mainly concentrated in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, with Bengaluru as the ‘Electronic Capital of India’.
  • Major public sector units include ITI (Bengaluru) for telecom equipment, BEL (Bengaluru) for defence and radar systems, and ECIL (Hyderabad) for nuclear, medical and industrial electronics.
  • The electronics industry strongly supports space technology, with ISRO (Bengaluru), NRSA (Hyderabad) and Sriharikota playing key roles in satellite launches like INSAT, PSLV, GSLV and Chandrayaan missions.
  • India’s software and IT industry, centred in Bengaluru and Hyderabad, and growth of TV and audio equipment industries have made electronics a major contributor to exports and employment.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Others

  • Software technology in India is mainly concentrated in Bengaluru and Hyderabad, with Bengaluru known as the “Silicon Valley of India.”
  • Major IT companies such as TCS, Infosys, Wipro and Oracle are located in Bengaluru, making it a leading software hub.
  • The software industry is a major foreign exchange earner due to BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) services.
  • The growth of the software industry in Bengaluru is due to world-class IT infrastructure, English-speaking skilled manpower, pleasant climate and international conferences.
  • Entertainment technology (audio and television) is centred in Mumbai, Pune, Chennai and Kolkata, while space technology is controlled by the Union Government through ISRO (Bengaluru) and NRSA (Hyderabad).
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