Topics
Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science
European Colonialism
India and European Colonialism
Colonialism and the Marathas
India: Social and Religious Reforms
Indian Struggle Against Colonialism
- Struggle before 1857
- Early Resistance to British Rule in India
- Background of Founding the Indian National Congress
- Foundation of the Indian National Congress
- 'Moderates' and 'Extremists'
- Armed Revolutionaries in India
- Mahatma Gandhi: Non-violent Resistance Movement
- Indian National Army (INA)
- 'Quit India' Movement of 1942
- Overview of Indian Struggle Against Colonialism
Decolonisation to Political Integration of India
World Wars and India
World : Decolonisation
Cold War
India Transformed - Part 1
India Transformed - Part 2
Key Points: Social Domain
|
Topic/Act/Issue |
Year/Census |
Objective |
Key Features |
Impact/Result |
|
Human Rights Protection Act |
1993 |
Protect fundamental human rights |
Establishment of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC); can take suo moto cognizance; complaints by activists/institutions |
Protection of right to life, equality; prevention of rights violations |
|
Domestic Violence Act |
2005 |
Protect women from domestic violence |
Legal protection; right of woman to reside in shared household even if not owner |
Strengthened women’s legal security and protection |
|
Sex Ratio Concern |
Census 2011 |
Address declining girl child ratio |
914 girls per 1000 boys (0–6 age group); raised social concern |
Triggered awareness campaigns and policy action |
|
Ban on Sex Determination |
— |
Prevent female foeticide |
Maharashtra banned sex/gender prediction tests |
Reduced misuse of technology; promoted gender equality |
|
‘Lek Ladki’ Programme |
— |
Promote girl child welfare |
Social awareness initiative for girl child protection |
Improvement in social attitude toward girl child |
Key Points: Health
|
Initiative/Programme |
Year/Period |
Objective |
Key Features |
Impact/Result |
|
Pulse Polio Campaign |
1995 |
Eradication of Polio |
Nationwide vaccination drive; “Do Boond Zindagi ke”; Supported by WHO, UNICEF and Rotary |
India declared Polio-free; major public health success |
|
International Support in Polio Drive |
1995 onwards |
Strengthen health campaign |
Joint effort of Govt. of India, WHO, UNICEF, Rotary International |
Effective implementation and global recognition |
|
Mass Awareness Measures |
During Polio Campaign |
Ensure 100% vaccination |
Awareness camps, home visits, media advertising |
No child under 5 left without vaccination |
|
AYUSH Department |
2009 (renamed) |
Promote alternative medicine |
Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy |
Growth of traditional medicine system |
|
Research and Standardisation in AYUSH |
Ongoing |
Improve quality of alternative medicine |
Syllabus development, advanced research, medical standardisation |
Wider acceptance and institutional development of AYUSH |
Key Points: Environment
|
Key Point |
Issue/Focus Area |
Initiative/ Personality |
Key Actions Taken |
Impact/Result |
|
Air Pollution Control |
Increasing vehicle pollution in Delhi |
Supreme Court and Govt. of India |
Introduction of CNG (1998), PUC certification compulsory |
Reduction in vehicular pollution |
|
Water and Soil Pollution |
Chemical effluents, plastics, pesticides |
Environmental awareness efforts |
Control measures, awareness campaigns |
Protection of rivers, soil and public health |
|
Conservation of Native Seeds |
Loss of indigenous crop varieties |
Rahibai Popere (Beej Mata) |
Seed preservation, seed bank, promotion of native crops |
Biodiversity conservation and food security |
|
Wildlife and Bird Protection |
Smuggling of bird nests, endangered species |
Bhau Katdare (Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra) |
Protection of Indian Swiftlets and Olive Ridley turtles |
Species protection and eco-tourism development |
|
Vulture Conservation |
Decline in vulture population |
Premsagar Mestri (SEESCAP) |
Awareness, protection measures, safe food sources |
Gradual recovery of vulture population |
Key Points: Education
|
Programme/Initiative |
Year |
Objective |
Key Features |
Impact/Result |
|
Kerala Literacy Campaign |
1990 |
Achieve 100% literacy |
Training in reading, writing, maths, hygiene; medical camps for learners |
Kerala became first fully literate state; Ernakulam first fully literate district |
|
District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) |
1994 |
Universal primary education |
Improve enrolment and attendance; reduce drop-outs; World Bank support |
Increased access to primary education in several states |
|
Mid-Day Meal Scheme |
1995 |
Encourage school attendance |
Free cooked meals/food grains to primary students |
Improved enrolment and reduced drop-outs |
|
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) |
2001 |
Universalisation of elementary education |
Free education (6–14 yrs); focus on girls and special needs children |
Strengthened primary education across India |
|
EDUSAT (GSAT-3) |
2004 |
Promote distance education |
Satellite-based learning; multiple communication channels |
Expanded educational reach to remote areas |
Key Points: Sports
|
Aspect |
Key Initiative/Policy |
Year |
Main Focus |
Impact/Result |
|
Sports Professionalisation |
IPL, Pro Kabaddi, Sports Clubs |
2000s onward |
Commercialisation and professional contracts |
Increased income, global recognition and career opportunities |
|
National Sports Policy |
Sports Policy of India |
2001 |
Develop skills, infrastructure and sports science |
Better facilities and international participation |
|
Youth Promotion Scheme |
‘Come and Play’ Scheme |
2011 |
Access to SAI complexes and coaching |
Improved grassroots sports training |
|
Talent Development |
National Sports University (Manipur) |
2018 |
Higher education in sports and research |
Professional sports education and research growth |
|
Awards and Incentives |
Khelo India, NSDF, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Awards |
2010s |
Financial support, awards and pensions |
Motivation, recognition and financial security for sportspersons |
Key Points: Cultural Heritage and Tourism
|
Aspect |
Main Initiative/Feature |
Key Details |
Impact/Importance |
|
Tourism Growth |
E-Visa and Tourist Facilities |
E-business visa, E-medical visa, 24×7 multilingual tourist helpline (Dial 1363) |
Increased foreign tourists and foreign exchange earnings |
|
Skill Development |
Hospitality and Tourism Training |
Institutes for soft skills, hotel management, premium accommodation facilities |
Improved quality service and tourism standards |
|
Heritage Conservation |
INTACH (1984) |
Works for architectural, natural and cultural heritage; 200+ branches in India |
Preservation and promotion of India’s heritage |
|
Promotion of Tourism |
‘Atulya Bharat’, ‘Swadesh Darshan’, Tourism Marts |
Promotion through media channels (BBC, Discovery); 13 pilgrimage circuits; ITM 2018 |
Boost in domestic and international tourism |
|
UNESCO Recognition |
Jaipur – World Heritage City (2019) |
Pink City inscribed in UNESCO World Heritage list |
Global recognition of India’s cultural heritage |
