Balbharati solutions for साइकोलॉजी [अंग्रेजी] कक्षा १२ महाराष्ट्र राज्य बोर्ड chapter 4 - Cognitive Processes [Latest edition]

Read the following example and try to name the cognitive process described them:

Reena immediately sensed the burning smell of pizza put in the oven.

Read the following examples and try to name the cognitive process described them:

Mahesh always pays attention to what the psychology teacher teaches in the class.

Read the following example and try to name the cognitive process described them:

Professor Mr. Patil met one of his former students all of a sudden. He tried to recall the name of his student.

Read the following example and try to name the cognitive process described them:

Saif was reading a story book and so he forgot to complete his homework.

Read the following examples and try to name the cognitive process described them:

After considering all pros and cons, Dinesh took a decision of changing his business.

Discuss with your psychology teacher about how to increase your attention in studies by minimizing the distractions that may be caused by the following distractors:

1. Social media
2. Mobile
3. Environmental distractions
4. Physiological discomfort, etc.

Conduct the following experiment on yourself and find out whether the division of attention is possible or not.

1. Task 1: Write alphabets from A to Z without any break for one minute. If you reach Z, then start with A up to Z again. Note your mistakes.
2. Task 2: Say aloud only the odd numbers like 1, 3, 5, 7, 9....and so on for one minute. Note your mistakes.
3. Task 3: Do Task 1 and Task 2 simultaneously for one minute i.e. write alphabets from A to Z and simultaneously say aloud only the odd numbers. Note your mistakes and conclude.

Imagine the following situation and try to understand the nature of perception:

Imagine that a person is talking to you in a language, which is unknown to you. (For example, in Chinese). In such a situation, as you have no past experience of Chinese you will not understand (perceive) what exactly the person is talking. You will merely sense (i.e. auditory sensation) that the person is talking.

Imagine the following situation and try to understand the nature of perception:

Imagine that a person is talking to you in a language, which is known to you. (For example, in English/Marathi). In such a situation, as you have past experience of English/Marathi, you will understand (perceive) what exactly the person is talking.

Read the following examples and identify the duration of change in the behaviour:

1. Rohit, an alcoholic abuses people around him under the influence of alcohol.
2. Uday is able to draw human figures well.

Read the following examples and identify the reasons for a change in the behaviour:

1. Pratik learnt to ride a bicycle by continuous repetitions.
2. Akshay got an electric shock after putting his finger in the socket and so has stopped doing so.

Try this experiment and understand the nature of learning by classical conditioning:

1. ‘Clap’ right in front of your friend’s eyes. Your friend will close his eyes.
2. Now every time say ‘yes’ and immediately ‘clap’ right in front of your friend’s eyes. Do it several times. Your friend will close his eyes every time.
3. After that once you just say ‘yes’ but don’t ‘clap’. Your friend will still close his eyes!

Answer these imaginary situations and try to understand the nature of learning by operant conditioning:

1. If your teacher deducted five marks for late submission of assignment, will you be on time for the next submission or be late?
2. After much hard work if you win a dance competition, are you likely to participate next year too?

When we select few stimuli from the environment and bring them into the center of our awareness, it is called ______.

Ivan Pavlov is known for explaining learning by ______.

When we organise the information from the environment, group them and give some meaning, that process is called _______.

In operant conditioning the experiment was conducted on _______.

The change in behaviour due to practice or experience is known as ______.

Answer briefly in 30 to 40 words:

What is fluctuation of attention?

Answer briefly in 30 to 40 words:

Give three examples of top down processes in perception.

What is meant by thinking?

Answer briefly in 30 to 40 words:

Describe any two processes of learning.

Classify the following into Mental Representation, Concepts and Schemata:

1. Image of your mother in your mind
2. Building
3. Tree
4. School
5. Theater
6. Table
7. Neil Armstrong

Find odd one out:

Find odd one out:

Find odd one out:

Find odd one out:

Identify if the following behaviours are due to learning or not. Give reasons for your answers.

After much hard work you are able to perform a dance step properly.

Identify if the following behaviour is due to learning or not. Give reasons for your answer.

In spite of getting hurt, Shayana, a five year old child, continues to play with knife.

Identify if the following behaviours are due to learning or not. Give reasons for your answers.

Once Hanif had to pay fine for breaking the signal while driving a car. Now he makes sure to stop the car at red signal.

Answer the following question with the help of the given points (in 80 to 100 words):

Explain the stages/steps of problem-solving:

Points:

1. Defining problem
2. Generating alternatives solutions
3. Selecting a solution
4. Implementing and taking follow up on the solution.

Answer the following questions with the help of the given points:

Explain the stages of creative thinking.

Points:

1. Preparation
2. Incubation
3. Illumination
4. Verification

Explain the laws of perceptual organization.

Explain the core elements of thinking.

Answer the following questions in detail:

With the help of your own examples explain the difference between distraction of attention and fluctuation of attention.