- Migration changes population distribution and density.
- In donor regions, the population decreases and the age-sex structure changes.
- In recipient regions, population increases and facilities face pressure.
- It may cause slums, high land prices, and inequality.
- Migration also promotes economic growth and new ideas.
Definitions [3]
Definition: Age Structure
The age structure of a population refers to the number of people in different age groups infants, children, teenagers, young, adults, old people.
Definition: Demographic Dividend
Demographic dividend refers to the growth in an economy, which is the result of a change in the age structure of a country’s population.
Definition: Migration
When an individual or group of individuals moves from one place to another, from one political boundary to another, for lesser or longer duration or permanently; this movement is called migration.
Formulae [1]
Sex Ratio
\[\text{Sex~ratio}=\frac{\text{Total Female population}}{\text{Total Male population}}\times1000\]
Key Points
Key Points: Population Composition> Sex Composition
- Sex Ratio: It is the number of females per 1000 males in a population and shows the status of women in a country.
- Global Sex Ratio: The world average is about 990 females per 1000 males. Some European countries have very high sex ratios, while many Asian countries have low sex ratios.
- Demographic Dividend: It is the economic benefit a country gets when the working population is more than the dependent population.
- Reason for Demographic Dividend: It happens due to decline in birth and death rates, which reduces the number of young dependents.
- Economic Benefits: Higher working population increases savings, investment in education, women’s participation in jobs, and per capita income.
- Government Role: Benefits of demographic dividend depend on proper policies in education, health, employment, and economic planning.
- Ageing Population and Retirement: Many countries are increasing retirement age because life expectancy is rising and the number of elderly people is increasing.
Key Points: Migration
- Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, across political boundaries, for a short or long duration.
- Migration can be temporary or permanent, and voluntary or involuntary.
- Migration increases the population in the recipient region and decreases the population in the donor region.
- It affects the population density, distribution, and structure of both regions.
- Migration can be classified based on region, duration, distance, and purpose.
Key Points: Impact of Migration on Population
Key Points: Population Composition> Age Structure
- Population is considered a human resource because its physical and intellectual abilities affect the development of a country.
- Population composition includes features like age structure, sex ratio, and literacy rate.
- Age structure shows the number of people in different age groups, such as children, adults, and the elderly.
- A population pyramid is a graph that shows age and gender distribution of a population.
- There are three types of population pyramids: Expansive (high birth and death rates), Constrictive (low birth rate, more old people), and Stationary (low birth and death rates with slow growth).
Key Points: Population Composition> Literacy and Education
- Literacy Rate is an important indicator of a country’s socio-economic development.
- It shows the standard of living, the status of women, and the availability of education in a country.
- In India, literacy rate means the percentage of people above 7 years who can read, write, and do basic calculations.
- Literacy rates are higher in Europe, North America, and East & South-East Asia, and lower in Africa and South Asia.
- In most regions, male literacy is higher than female literacy, except in places with full literacy.
Key Points: Population Composition> Occupational Structure
- Occupational Structure refers to the distribution of the working population (15–59 years) in different economic sectors.
- The working population is engaged in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors.
- A country with more people in the primary sector (like agriculture) is usually less developed.
- A developed country has more workers in the secondary and tertiary sectors like industries and services.
- Growth of industries and infrastructure increases employment in non-agricultural sectors.
- The occupational structure helps in understanding the level of economic development of a nation.
Key Points: Population Composition> Rural-Urban Composition
- Rural–Urban Composition means the division of the population based on place of residence.
- Rural and urban areas differ in lifestyle, occupation, and social conditions.
- In rural areas, most people are engaged in primary activities like agriculture.
- In urban areas, most people work in non-primary activities like industries and services.
- Population density, age-sex structure, and level of development differ between rural and urban areas.
Key Points: Classification of Migration
- Internal Migration: Movement of people within the same country, such as from one state or city to another.
- External Migration: Movement of people from one country to another country.
- Short-term Migration: Temporary or seasonal movement for a limited period, mainly for work.
- Long-term Migration: Movement for a long period; people may return after many years or may settle permanently.
- Migration can also be voluntary (by choice) or involuntary (forced).
Key Points: Reasons for Migration
- Types of Reasons: Migration occurs due to physical, economic, social, and political reasons.
- Physical Reasons: Natural disasters like floods, droughts, and earthquakes force people to move.
- Economic Reasons: People migrate for jobs and better living standards.
- Social & Political Reasons: War, discrimination, and lack of facilities cause migration.
- Push and Pull Factors: Push factors force people to leave; pull factors attract them to a new place.
Important Questions [15]
- Write a short note on: Occupational structure of a population.
- Give a geographical reason: In developed countries, percentage of the population engaged in agriculture is low.
- Literacy rate of a country is an indicator of its socio-economic development.
- Arrange according to increase in age : Adults Children Old people Young people
- Assertion: India is agrarian country. Reason: Population engaged in agriculture is high in India.
- Draw neat, labelled diagram: Stationary pyramids
- Read the following graph and answer the questions given below: Questions: Which region has very less adult female literacy rate?
- Draw neat, labelled diagram Pyramids of underdeveloping countries.
- Differentiate between: Expansive population pyramid and Constrictive population pyramid.
- Assertion: In population pyramid, a broad base indicates high number of children in a country. Reason: Broad apex is an indicator of high number of elderly in a country.
- Differentiate between: Donor region and Recipient region.
- Differentiate between Push and Pull factors of migration
- Assertion (A): Increase in dependency ratio will affect the economy. Reason (R): Medical costs are high when there are more elderly in the population.
- Reasons of migration:
- Identify the incorrect factor. Factors affecting migration of population :
