Revision: Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology Science SSLC (English Medium) Class 10 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education

A tissue, in biology, is defined as a group of cells that have a similar structure and perform a specific function. The word tissue originates from French, which means "to weave."

• Cells that perform a particular function always live in a group. This group of cells is called a tissue.
• For example, blood, phloem, muscle, etc. are examples of tissues.

A group of similar cells which perform a specific function.
example: Muscular tissue in animals.

A tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure and are organized together to perform a specific task.

The tissue is a group of cells of similar structure and function.

Vascular tissue is the complex plant tissue in higher plants that are composed of xylem and phloem and is concerned with conducting water, minerals, and organic food throughout the plant body.

Releasing electrons and dividing the water molecule (H2O) into its two components (Hydrogen and Oxygen). Photolysis is the term used to describe this reaction, which is characterised by the fracturing of molecules by light (photo = light, lysis = breaking).

Photosynthesis is the process by which living plant cells, containing chlorophyll, produce food substances (glucose and starch) from carbon dioxide and water by using light energy. Plants release oxygen as a byproduct during photosynthesis.

In the presence of chlorophyll, photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a form of sugar) using light energy, typically from the sun. As a byproduct, this process generates oxygen.

Thylakoids are indeed very small compartments that are present within chloroplasts. They are the locations where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place and contain chlorophyll. Nevertheless, the response could be simplified to enhance its clarity.

Chloroplasts are indeed miniature ovoid structures that are encased in a double membrane. Nevertheless, the response could offer a more succinct definition: Chloroplasts are the cellular organelles that are responsible for the process of photosynthesis in plant cells. They are the sites where photosynthesis occurs and contain thylakoids.

In the presence of chlorophyll, photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a form of sugar) using light energy, typically from the sun. As a byproduct, this process generates oxygen.

Photolysis occurs in the grana of a chloroplast and is defined as the splitting of H₂O molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen in the presence of light.

Photophosphorylation is the process of converting ADP into energy-rich ATP by adding an inorganic phosphate (Pi), using energy from light (photons).

Most green plants use glucose as soon as it occurs during photosynthesis to make starch. Polymerisation is the process by which several glucose molecules are turned into one starch molecule.

The process by which monomer molecules combine together to form a polymer is called polymerisation.

The process by which monomer molecules combine together to form a polymer is called polymerisation.

The process of conversion of many simpler and smaller molecules into a complex, bigger molecule is termed as polymerisation. For example, conversion of several glucose molecules into a starch molecule. 

The process occurring in the cytoplasm where one glucose molecule is stepwise oxidized to form two molecules each of pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH₂, and water is called glycolysis.

The cyclic series of reactions occurring in the mitochondria, where acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized to produce CO₂, H₂O, NADH₂, and FADH₂, is called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle.

The process occurring in the mitochondria, where NADH₂ and FADH₂ release electrons to form ATP and water, producing 3 ATP from each NADH₂ and 2 ATP from each FADH₂, is called the electron transfer chain reaction.

Respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen consumed in respiration over a period of time.

The balanced chemical equation is: \[6\mathrm{CO}_{2}+12\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\frac{\text{light energy}}{\text{chlorophyll}}\mathrm{C}_{6}\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_{6}+6\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}+6\mathrm{O}_{2}\uparrow\]

The balanced chemical equation is: \[6\mathrm{CO}_{2}+12\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\frac{\text{light energy}}{\text{chlorophyll}}\mathrm{C}_{6}\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_{6}+6\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}+6\mathrm{O}_{2}\uparrow\]

1. Plastids are present only in plant cells and are of several types—chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts.
2. They are double-membraned organelles with a proteinaceous matrix and contain DNA.
3. Chloroplasts (green) contain chlorophyll in thylakoids and perform photosynthesis.
4. Leucoplasts are colourless, store starch, and have no pigment.
5. Chromoplasts are variously coloured, contain pigments like xanthophyll and carotene, and help in pollination by attracting pollinators.

1. Photosynthesis mainly occurs in mesophyll cells (palisade and spongy) of leaves, using chlorophyll to trap sunlight.
2. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf via stomata by diffusion down a concentration gradient.
3. Water is absorbed by roots, transported via the stem to mesophyll cells of the leaves.
4. Using light energy, chlorophyll helps synthesize glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) from CO₂ and H₂O, releasing O₂ as a by-product.
5. The balanced chemical equation is: \[6\mathrm{CO}_{2}+12\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\frac{\text{light energy}}{\text{chlorophyll}}\mathrm{C}_{6}\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_{6}+6\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}+6\mathrm{O}_{2}\uparrow\]

1. Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants, found in chloroplasts.
2. It is located in the thylakoid walls inside the chloroplasts.
3. Chloroplasts are mainly present in mesophyll cells of leaves.
4. There are nine types of chlorophyll, but chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the most common.
5. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light for photosynthesis and reflects green light.

1. Photosynthesis mainly occurs in mesophyll cells (palisade and spongy) of leaves, using chlorophyll to trap sunlight.
2. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf via stomata by diffusion down a concentration gradient.
3. Water is absorbed by roots, transported via the stem to mesophyll cells of the leaves.
4. Using light energy, chlorophyll helps synthesize glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) from CO₂ and H₂O, releasing O₂ as a by-product.
5. The balanced chemical equation is: \[6\mathrm{CO}_{2}+12\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\frac{\text{light energy}}{\text{chlorophyll}}\mathrm{C}_{6}\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_{6}+6\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}+6\mathrm{O}_{2}\uparrow\]

1. Mitochondria are double-walled organelles, usually sausage-shaped, with inner folds called cristae.
2. They have their own DNA and ribosomes, enabling some self-functioning.
3. Known as the powerhouse of the cell, they produce ATP through aerobic respiration.
4. Responsible for the release of energy from pyruvic acid formed in the cytoplasm.
5. Involved in the synthesis of respiratory enzymes.