NCERT solutions for Class 12 Chemistry chapter 2 - Solutions [Latest edition]

Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C₆H₆) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride.

Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.

Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO₃)₂. 6H₂O in 4.3 L of solution (b)30 mL of 0.5 M H₂SO₄ diluted to 500 mL.

Calculate the mass of urea (NH₂CONH₂) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.

Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL^-1

H₂S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H₂S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant.

Henry’s law constant for CO₂ in water is 1.67 × 10⁸ Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO₂ in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO₂ pressure at 298 K

The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.

Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH₂CONH₂) is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.

Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100°C. Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol⁻¹.

Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C₆H₈O₆) to be dissolved in  75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by 1.5°C. K_f = 3.9 K kg mol⁻¹.

Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C.

In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes?

Define the term solution

How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with an example.

Give an example of solid solution in which the solute is a gas.

Define Mole fraction

Define Molarity (M)

Define Mass percentage.

Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 g mL⁻¹?

A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL⁻¹, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?

How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃containing equimolar amounts of both?

A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.

An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂) and 200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g mL⁻¹, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?

A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform (CHCl₃) supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass):

(i) express this in percent by mass

(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.

What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?

Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?

The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 × 10⁻³ g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 × 10⁻² g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?

What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign of Δ_solH related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?

An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?

Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?

The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it.

Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol⁻¹) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.

A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate:

(1) molar mass of the solute

(2) vapour pressure of water at 298 K.

A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.

Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB₂ and AB₄. When dissolved in 20 g of benzene (C₆H₆), 1 g of AB₂ lowers the freezing point by 2.3 Kwhereas 1.0 g of AB₄ lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 Kkg mol⁻¹. Calculate atomic masses of A and B.

At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be its concentration?

Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH₃OH, CH₃CN.

Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?

(i) phenol 

(ii) toluene 

(iii) formic acid

(iv) ethylene glycol 

(v) chloroform 

(vi) pentanol.

If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL⁻¹ and contains 92 g of Na⁺ ions per kg of water, calculate the molality of Na⁺ ions in the lake.

If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10⁻¹⁶, calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.

Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C₉H₈O₄) in acetonitrile (CH₃CN) when 6.5 g of C₉H₈O₄ is dissolved in 450 g of CH₃CN.

Nalorphene (C₁₉H₂₁NO₃), similar to morphine, is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 × 10⁻³m aqueous solution required for the above dose.

Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C₆H₅COOH) required for preparing 250 mL of 0.15 M solution in methanol.

The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.

Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH₃CH₂CHClCOOH is added to 250 g of water. K_a = 1.4 × 10⁻³, K_f = 1.86 K kg mol⁻¹.

19.5 g of CH₂FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point of water observed is 1.0°C. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of fluoroacetic acid.

Vapour pressure of water at 293 Kis 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water at 293 Kwhen 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.

Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 Kis 4.27 × 10⁵ mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 Kunder 760 mm Hg.

100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol⁻¹) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g mol⁻¹). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 Torr.

Vapour pressure of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot p_total’p_chloroform’ and p_acetone as a function of x_acetone. The experimental data observed for different compositions of mixture is.

Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.

The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and nitrogen with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 Kif the Henry’s law constants for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30 × 10⁷ mm and 6.51 × 10⁷ mm respectively, calculate the composition of these gases in water.

Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 27°C.

Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K₂SO₄ in 2 liter of water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.