Science and Technology 1 10th Standard Board Exam SSC (English Medium) Maharashtra State Board Topics and Syllabus

• Gravitation
• Example of Gravitation
• Gravitational Force (Earth’ gravitational force)
• Gravitational Force Formula

• What is rest?
• What is motion?
• Rest and motion are relative

• Circular motion

• Terms involved in a circular motion
  1) Angular displacement
  2) Angular Velocity
  3) Angular Acceleration

• Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
• Time Period of UCM
• Frequency of UCM

• Centripetal acceleration (Radial acceleration)
  1) For non-uniform circular motion
• Centripetal force
• Centrifugal force

1. First law (law of orbits)
2. Second law (law of areas)
3. Third law (law of period)

• Newton’s universal law of gravitation
• Importance of the Universal Law of Gravitation
• Application of Newton’s law of gravitation
• Principle of superposition of gravitation

• Acceleration due to gravity
• Relationship between g and G
• Mass of the Earth (M)
• Value of g on the surface of the earth
• Variation of acceleration due to gravity (g)

• Mass
• Weight
• Weight of an object on the moon

• Motion of objects under the influence of gravitational force of the earth
• Escape velocity

• Gravitational potential energy
• Expression for the Gravitational potential energy
• Gravitational potential energy at a height (U = mgh)

• Reasons for classification of elements
• Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements

• Dobereiner’s Triads
• Limitations of Dobereiner’s Triads

• Newlands’ Law of Octaves
• Limitations of Newlands’ Law of Octaves

• Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Features of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

• Atomic number as the basis for modern periodic law

• Modern Periodic Table
• Salient features of the modern periodic table

1. Features of Periods
2. Features of Groups
3. Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
4. Position of Rare Gases

• Representative elements
• Transition elements
• Inner transition elements
• Inert gases or noble gases
• s-Block Elements
• p-Block Elements
• d-Block Elements
• f – Block Elements

• Chemical Reaction
• Reactants
• Products
• Word Equation
• Characteristics of Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Change
• Properties of Chemical Change
• Importance of Chemical Change

• Chemical Equation
• Need for Chemical equation
• Limitation of Chemical equation

• Steps in writing the skeleton equation
• Balancing chemical equation
• Information conveyed by a balanced chemical equation
• A chemical equation can be made more informative by writing the additional information. 

• Energy Change in Chemical Reactions:

1. Exothermic Chemical Changes
2. Endothermic Chemical Changes
3. Photochemical Reaction
4. Electrochemical Reaction

• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Redox Reactions
• Oxidising agents and Reducing agents
• Oxidation reactions in daily life
• Oxidation number

• Electric circuit
• Circuit Diagram
• The flow of electricity in a circuit
• Arrangement of Circuits: Open Circuit and Closed

• Electric power

• Power-voltage rating
• Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
• Power of electrical appliances connected in series
• Power in mixed combination of cells
• Practical units of electric energy in terms of power

• Electric fuse
• Purpose of fuse
• Characteristic of a fuse
• Working of a fuse
• Reason for connecting the fuse in the live wire
• Current rating of a fuse

• Rule to find the direction of magnetic field
• Right-hand thumb rule

• Solenoid
• Similarities between a current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet
• Dissimilarities between a current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet

• Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
• Magnitude of force
• Unit of magnetic field
• Fleming's left hand rule for the direction of Force

• Electromagnetic Induction
• Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
• Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction

• Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction
• Factors affecting the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
• The direction of induced e.m.f.

1. Fleming’s right-hand rule
2. Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law

• Direct current
• Alternating current
• Advantages of AC over DC

• Alternating current generator
• Principle
• Construction and its main parts
• Working
• Frequency of alternating current

• Direct Current Motor
• Principle
• Construction and its main parts
• Working
• Ways of increasing the speed of rotation of coil

• Latent heat
• Specific latent heat
• Unit of Specific latent heat

• Anomalous expansion of water
• Importance of Anomalous expansion of water

• Heat
• Unit of Heat

• Specific heat capacity

• Necessity of defining two specific heats of a gas
• Specific heat at constant Pressure
  1) Principal specific heat (c_p)
  2) Molar specific heat (C_p)
• Specific heat at constant Volume
  1) Principal specific heat (c_v)
  2) Molar specific heat (C_v)
• Relation between principal specific heat and molar specific heat

• Refraction of light
• Partial reflection and refraction at the boundary of two different media
• Cause of refraction
• Some consequences of refraction of light

• Law of Refraction of Light
• The first law of refraction
• The second law of refraction
• Effect on speed (V), wavelength (A.), and frequency (f) due to refraction of light

• Phenomena explained by the refraction of light

1. Twinkling of stars
2. Sun is visible before the actual sunrise and also after sunset.
3. Mirage
4. Looming

• Dispersion Of Light through Prism
• Newton's Experiment
• Formation of Rainbow
• Newton Disc
• Spectrum
• Cause of dispersion of white light and formation of spectrum
• Angular dispersion (Δ)
• Dispersive power (ω)
• Dispersion without deviation
• Deviation without dispersion

• Total Internal Reflection
• Essential conditions for the total internal reflection
• Total internal reflection in nature - optical fibres
• Rainbow production
• Refraction and total internal reflection of light rays at different angles of incidence
• Consequences of total internal refraction
• Applications of total internal reflection

• Lens
• Types of lens

1. Convex Lens
2. Concave Lens
3. Plano-convex lens
4. Plano-concave lens

• Applications of Lens

• Spherical lens
• Terms related to spherical lens

1. Pole (P)
2. Principal Axis
3. Paraxial Ray
4. Centre of curvature (C)
5. Focus (F)
6. Focal length - First focal length, Second focal length
7. Radius of curvature
8. Optical centre
9. Principal foci - First focal point, Second focal point
10. Focal plane - First focal plane, Second focal plane

• Concave Lens
• Uses of Concave Lens

• Convex lens
• Uses of Convex lens

• The eyes - Photoreceptor: Rod cell and cone cell
• External structure of an Eye

1. Sclera
2. Conjunctiva
3. Cornea
4. Iris
5. Pupil

• The internal structure of an Eye

1. Lens
2. Retina
3. Optic nerve
4. Aqueous Humour
5. Vitreous Humour

• Working of the eye
• Power of Accommodation
• Persistence of vision
• Apparent size of an object
• The far point and near point of the human eye
• Light and dark adaptation
• Colour Vision

• The myopic eye
• Correction for myopia with a concave lens

• Hypermetropia Eye
• Correction for Hypermetropia

• Presbyopia
• Correction for Presbyopia

• Metals
• Occurrence of metal
• Uses of Metals

• Non-metals
• Occurrence of non-metal
• Uses of Non-metals

• Ionic Bond
• Electrovalent Bond
• Electronegativity and Ionic Bonding
• Ionic Bond Properties
• Characteristics of Ionic compounds
• Examples of Ionic Bonds

• Metallurgy
  1) Pyrometallurgy
  2) Hydrometallurgy
  3) Electrometallurgy
• Basic principles of metallurgy
• Terminology in metallurgy
• Metallurgical process involve three main steps

• Pulverization
• Concentration of an ore
• Types of separation or concentration of an ore

1. Hydraulic (gravity separation) method or Levigation method
2. Magnetic separation method
3. Froth floatation
4. Chemical method or Leaching
5. Wilfley table method

• Extraction of Metals
• Enrichment of ores
• Extracting Metals Low in Reactivity Series
• Extracting Metals in the Middle of Reactivity Series
• Extraction of Metals Towards the Top of the Reactivity Series

• Concentration of bauxite ore (Bayer's process)
• Electrolytic reduction of alumina (Hall-Heroult's process)

• Refining of Metals

1. Distillation
2. Liquation
3. Electro refining

• Electrolytic Refining

• Carbon
• Versatile nature of Carbon
• Occurrence of carbon

• Organic Compounds of Carbon
• Inorganic Compounds of Carbon
• Comparison between organic and inorganic compounds

• Covalent Bond
• Covalent Bonding can be Achieved in two Ways
• Covalent Bonding in Carbon Atom
• Properties of Covalent Bond
• Polar Covalent Bond
• Non-polar Covalent Bond
• Polarization of Covalent Bonds

• Types of Covalent Bond

1. Single Covalent Bond
2. Double Covalent Bond
3. Triple Bond

• Formation of Covalent Bond:

1. Hydrogen molecule (Non-polar compound)
2. Chlorine molecule (Non-polar compound)
3. Oxygen molecule (non-polar compound)
4. Nitrogen molecule (Non-polar compound)
5. Hydrogen chloride (polar compound)
6. Water molecule (polar compound)
7. Ammonia molecule (polar compound)
8. Carbon tetrachloride molecule (Non-polar compound)
9. Methane molecule (Non-polar compound)

• Catenation
• Tetravalency
• Multiple Bonds
• Isomerism
• Allotropy

1. Crystalline forms of Carbon
2. Non-crystalline / Amorphous forms

• Hydrocarbons
• Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
• Classification of Hydrocarbon

• Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
• Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups

• Homologous series
• Characteristics of homologous series
• Significance of the homologous series

• Why do we need nomenclature?
• Components of an IUPAC name
• IUPAC rules for naming organic compounds

• Ethanol
• Manufacture of ethanol
• Physical properties of ethanol
• Chemical Properties of ethanol
• Uses of ethyl alcohol
• Important uses of Ethanol

• Ethanoic Acid (Acetic acid)
• Manufacture of ethanoic acid
• Physical Properties of ethanoic acid
• Chemical Properties of ethanoic acid
• Uses of ethanoic acid

• Need and importance of space missions

• High Earth Orbits : (Height from the earth’s surface > 35780 km) 
• Medium Earth Orbit (height above the earth’s surface 2000 km to 35780 km)
• Low Earth Orbits (height above the earth’s surface: 180 km to 2000 km)

• Dobereiner’s Triads
• Limitations of Dobereiner’s Triads

• Newlands’ Law of Octaves
• Limitations of Newlands’ Law of Octaves

• Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Features of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

• Modern Periodic Table
• Salient features of the modern periodic table

1. Features of Periods
2. Features of Groups
3. Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
4. Position of Rare Gases

• Periodicity
• Periodicity of elements
• Cause of periodicity

• Chemical Equation
• Need for Chemical equation
• Limitation of Chemical equation

• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Redox Reactions
• Oxidising agents and Reducing agents
• Oxidation reactions in daily life
• Oxidation number

• Properties of Acids
• Physical properties of Acids

1. Taste
2. Physical state
3. Effect on skin
4. Colours of indicators

• Chemical properties of Acids

1. Reaction with active metals
2. Reaction with bases - Neutralisation
3. Decomposition of hydrogen carbonates and carbonates
4. Decomposition of sulphites and bisulphites
5. Decomposition of sulphides
6. Reaction with chlorides and nitrates
7. Reaction with metal oxide

• pH Scale
• Importance of pH in Everyday Life

• Reactivity with metals
  
• Reactivity of acids towards carbonates and bicarbonates of metals
  
• Reactivity of acids with metallic oxides
  
• Reactivity of bases withnon metallic oxides
  
• Reactivity of acids and bases with each other
  

• Electric Current
• Unit of Electric Current
• Measurement of electric current
• Example of Electric Current

• Electric circuit
• Circuit Diagram
• The flow of electricity in a circuit
• Arrangement of Circuits: Open Circuit and Closed

• Electric power

• Power-voltage rating
• Power of electrical appliances connected in parallel
• Power of electrical appliances connected in series
• Power in mixed combination of cells
• Practical units of electric energy in terms of power

• Sources and fields
• Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force
• Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor

• The magnetic field lines
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
• The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
• The electrostatic analog
• Magnetic potential

• Rule to find the direction of magnetic field
• Right-hand thumb rule

• Solenoid
• Similarities between a current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet
• Dissimilarities between a current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet

• Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
• Magnitude of force
• Unit of magnetic field
• Fleming's left hand rule for the direction of Force

• Electromagnetic Induction
• Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
• Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction

• Alternating current generator
• Principle
• Construction and its main parts
• Working
• Frequency of alternating current

• Direct Current Motor
• Principle
• Construction and its main parts
• Working
• Ways of increasing the speed of rotation of coil

• Concave Mirror
• Application of Concave Mirror

• Convex lens
• Uses of Convex lens

• The eyes - Photoreceptor: Rod cell and cone cell
• External structure of an Eye

1. Sclera
2. Conjunctiva
3. Cornea
4. Iris
5. Pupil

• The internal structure of an Eye

1. Lens
2. Retina
3. Optic nerve
4. Aqueous Humour
5. Vitreous Humour

• The myopic eye
• Correction for myopia with a concave lens

• Spherical Mirrors
• Terms related to Spherical Mirrors

1. Center of Curvature (C)
2. Pole (P)
3. Radius of Curvature (R)
4. Principal Axis
5. Focus (F)
6. Focal length (f)
7. Principal section
8. Aperture

• Refraction of light
• Partial reflection and refraction at the boundary of two different media
• Cause of refraction
• Some consequences of refraction of light

• Mirage
• Rainbow

• Pollution
• Pollutant
• Types of pollution

• Air Pollution
• Causes of Air pollution
• Sources of Air Pollution

• Water Pollution
• Causes of Water Pollution
• Sources of Water Pollution

• Soil Pollution
• Causes of Soil Pollution
• Sources of Soil Pollution

• Noise Pollution
• Health hazards due to noise pollution

Role of citizens in pollution control

• Conservation of energy
  
• conservation of water
  
• conservation of biological resources
  
• reduction in pollution
  
• reduce, reuse, recycle
  
• population control
  
• consumerism
  
• decision making