Maharashtra State Board Syllabus For 12th Board Exam Physics: Knowing the Syllabus is very important for the students of 12th Board Exam. Shaalaa has also provided a list of topics that every student needs to understand.
The Maharashtra State Board 12th Board Exam Physics syllabus for the academic year 2023-2024 is based on the Board's guidelines. Students should read the 12th Board Exam Physics Syllabus to learn about the subject's subjects and subtopics.
Students will discover the unit names, chapters under each unit, and subtopics under each chapter in the Maharashtra State Board 12th Board Exam Physics Syllabus pdf 2023-2024. They will also receive a complete practical syllabus for 12th Board Exam Physics in addition to this.
Maharashtra State Board 12th Board Exam Physics Revised Syllabus
Maharashtra State Board 12th Board Exam Physics and their Unit wise marks distribution
Maharashtra State Board 12th Board Exam Physics Course Structure 2023-2024 With Marking Scheme
Syllabus
- Rotational Dynamics
- Introduction
- Circular Motion and Its Characteristics
- Kinematics of Circular Motion
- Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)
- Centripetal force (CPF)
- Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)
- Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
- Vehicle Along a Horizontal Circular Track
- Well (or Wall) of Death
- Vehicle on a Banked Road
- Most safe speed
- Banking angle
- Speed limits
- Conical Pendulum
- Vertical Circular Motion
- Point Mass Undergoing Vertical Circular Motion Under Gravity
- Case I: Mass tied to a string
- Case II: Mass tied to a rod
- Sphere of Death
- Vehicle at the Top of a Convex OverBridge
- Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass
- Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Ring
- Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Disc
- Radius of Gyration
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
- Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear Momentum
- Expression for Angular Momentum in Terms of Moment of Inertia
- Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment of Inertia
- Conservation of Angular Momentum
- Ballet dancers
- Diving in a swimming pool (during competition)
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
- Angular Displacement
- Angular Velocity
- Angular Acceleration
- Angular Velocity and Its Relation with Linear Velocity
- Relation Between Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Circular motion
- Terms involved in a circular motion
1) Angular displacement
2) Angular Velocity
3) Angular Acceleration
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)
- Time Period of UCM
- Frequency of UCM
- Centripetal acceleration (Radial acceleration)
1) For non-uniform circular motion - Centripetal force
- Centrifugal force
- Radial Acceleration
- Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion - Centripetal Force
- Centrifugal Forces
- Banking of Roads
- Vertical Circular Motion Due to Earth’s Gravitation
- Equation for Velocity and Energy at Different Positions of Vertical Circular Motion
- Kinematical Equations for Circular Motion in Analogy with Linear Motion.
- Angular displacement
- Angular velocity and angular acceleration
- Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity
- Uniform circular motion
- Radial acceleration
- Centripetal and centrifugal forces
- Banking of roads
- Vertical circular motion due to earth’s gravitation
- Equation for velocity and energy at different positions of vertical circular motion.
- Kinematical equations for circular motion in analogy with linear motion.
- Newton’s Law of Gravitation
- Projection of Satellite
- Periodic Time
- Kepler’s Laws
- First law (law of orbits)
- Second law (law of areas)
- Third law (law of period)
- Binding Energy and Escape Velocity of a Satellite
- Weightlessness
- Weightlessness Condition in Orbit
- Variation of ‘G’ Due to Lattitude and Motion
- Acceleration Due to Gravity and Its Variation with Altitude and Depth
- Communication satellite and its uses
- Composition of Two S.H.M.’S Having Same Period and Along Same Line
- Newton’s law of gravitation
- Projection of satellite
- Periodic time
- Statement of Kepler’s laws of motion
- Binding energy and escape velocity of a satellite
- Weightlessness condition in orbit
- Variation of ‘g’ due to altitude, lattitude, depth and motion
- Communication satellite and its uses
- Fluid and Its Properties
- Thrust and Pressure
- Thrust
- Unit of thrust
- Example of thrust
- Pressure
- Unit of Pressure
- Examples of Pressure in our daily life
- Liquid Pressure
- Liquid Pressure
- Experiment of pressure on fluid
- Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Demonstration of Atmospheric Pressure
- Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure
- Hydrostatic Paradox
- Pascal’s Law
- Application of Pascal’s Law
- Applications of Pascal's law
- Hydraulic press
- Hydraulic lift
- Hydraulic brakes
- Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Molecular Theory of Surface Tension
- Intermolecular force
- Range of molecular force
- Sphere of influence
- Surface film
- Free surface of a liquid
- Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory
- Surface Tension and Surface Energy
- Surface Tension
- Surface Energy
- Relation between the surface energy and surface tension
- Angle of Contact
- Angle of contact
- Characteristics of angle of contact
- Factors affecting angle of contact (θ)
i) Nature of solid and liquid in contact
ii) Impurities
iii) Inclination
iv) Temperature - Shape of liquid meniscus
- Shape of liquid drop
- Effect of Impurity and Temperature on Surface Tension
- Effect of impurities
- Effect of temperature
- Excess Pressure Across the Free Surface of a Liquid
- Plane liquid surface
- Convex liquid surface
- Concave liquid surface
- Explanation of Formation of Drops and Bubbles
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
- Fluids in Motion
- Critical Velocity and Reynolds Number
- Viscous Force or Viscosity
- Viscosity
- Newton's law of viscosity
- Coefficient of viscosity
- Applications of coefficient of viscosity
- Stokes’ Law
- Terminal Velocity
- Equation of Continuity
- Bernoulli's Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
- Applications of Bernoulli's theorem
- Action of atomiser
- Blowing of roofs by wind storms
- Venturimeter
- Blood Flow and Heart Attack
- Dynamic Lift
(a) Ball moving without spin
(b) Ball moving with spin
(c) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
- Definition of M.I., K.E. of Rotating Body
- Rolling Motion
- Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion
- Rolling motion on an inclined plane
- Physical Significance of M.I (Moment of Inertia)
- Torque and Angular Momentum
- Moment of a Force (Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body)
- Angular Momentum and Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum and Its Applications
- Moment of force (Torque)
- Angular momentum of a particle
- Torque and angular momentum for a system of particles
- conservation of angular momentum
- Theorems of Perpendicular and Parallel Axes
- Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
- Theorem of Parallel Axes
- Application of perpendicular and parallel axes theorem on different regular bodies
- M.I. of Some Regular Shaped Bodies About Specific Axes
- Definition of M.I., K.E. of rotating body
- Rolling motion
- Physical significance of M.I.
- Radius of gyration, Torque
- Principle of parallel and perpendicular axes
- M.I. of some regular shaped bodies about specific axes
- Angular momentum and its conservation
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Gases
- Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases
- Composition of gases
- Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
- Gases exert pressure in all directions
- Gases are highly compressible
- Gases are highly expansible
- Gases have low density
- Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
- Gases can be liquefied
- Classification of Gases: Real Gases and Ideal Gases
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
- Pressure of Ideal Gas
- Root Mean Square (RMS) Speed
- Interpretation of Temperature in Kinetic Theory
- Kinetic energy of gas
- Different forms of K.E. of gas
- Relation between K.E. and temperature of the gas
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Specific Heat Capacity
- Specific heat capacity
- Necessity of defining two specific heats of a gas
- Specific heat at constant Pressure
1) Principal specific heat (cp)
2) Molar specific heat (Cp) - Specific heat at constant Volume
1) Principal specific heat (cv)
2) Molar specific heat (Cv) - Relation between principal specific heat and molar specific heat
- Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission of Heat Radiation
- Interaction of Thermal Radiation and Matter
- Perfect Blackbody
- Ferry’s Blackbody
- Emission of Heat Radiation
- Coefficient of Emission or Emissivity
- Kirchhoff’s Law of Heat Radiation and Its Theoretical Proof
- Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation
- Wien’s Displacement Law
- Stefan-boltzmann Law of Radiation
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Equation of S.H.M
1) Equation of displacement - Phase: Initial phase or epoch or phase constant, Phase angle
- S.H.M. as a projection of UCM
2) Equation of velocity
3) Equation of acceleration
4) Equation of time period
5) Equation of frequency
- Differential Equation of Linear S.H.M.
- Projection of U.C.M.(Uniform Circular Motion) on Any Diameter
- Phase of K.E (Kinetic Energy)
- K.E.(Kinetic Energy) and P.E.(Potential Energy) in S.H.M.
- Composition of Two S.H.M.’S Having Same Period and Along Same Line
- Some Systems Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
- Simple pendulum
- Effect of the density of medium on time period of simple pendulum
- Oscillations due to a Spring - Restoring Force and Force Constant
- Effect of viscosity of medium
- Effect of temperature
- Some special cases of simple pendulum: Second's pendulum
- Various types of S.H.M:
1) S.H.M of a liquid in U- shaped tube
2) S.H.M of a floating cylinder
3) S.H.M of a small ball rolling down in hemispherical bowl
- Explanation of periodic motion
- S.H.M.
- Differential equation of linear S.H.M.
- Projection of U.C.M. on any diameter
- Phase of S.H.M.
- K.E. and P.E. in S.H.M.
- Composition of two S.H.M.’s having same period and along same line
- Simple pendulum
- Damped S.H.M.
- Thermodynamics
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- Heat, Internal Energy and Work
- Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work: P-V diagrams
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- First law of thermodynamics
- Formulation of first law of thermodynamics
- First law of thermodynamics for various processes
- Isothermal process
- Adiabatic process
- Isochoric process
- Isobaric process
- Justification
- Mathematical expression
- Some useful conclusions are drawn from the law
- Limitations
- Expressions for the work done by an ideal gas under different conditions
- Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1) Mechanical equilibrium
2) Chemical equilibrium
3) Thermal equilibrium - Equation of state
- Thermodynamic state variables
1) Extensive variables
2) Intensive variables
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium
- Thermodynamic Process
- Thermodynamic Process
- Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process
- Heat Engine
- Heat engine
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Efficiency of heat engine
- Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
- Refrigerator: Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Performance of a Refrigerator
- Air conditioner
- Heat Pump
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Clausius' Statement
- Kelvin Planck's Statement
- Entropy
- Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine
- Significance of Reversibility in Thermodynamics
- Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine and Carnot’s Cycle
- Carnot Refrigerator
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Cycle
- Oscillations
- Explanation of Periodic Motion
- Linear Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
- Differential Equation of Linear S.H.M.
- Acceleration (a), Velocity (v) and Displacement (x) of S.H.M.
- Expressions of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) at time t
- Extreme values of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a)
- Displacement
- Velocity
- Acceleration
- Amplitude (A), Period (T) and Frequency (N) of S.H.M.
- Amplitude of S.H.M.
- Period of S.H.M.
- Frequency of S.H.M.
- Reference Circle Method
- Phase in S.H.M.
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Graphical Representation of S.H.M.
- Particle executing S.H.M., starting from mean position, towards positive
- Particle performing S.H.M., starting from the positive extreme position
- Conclusions from graph
- Composition of Two S.H.M.’S Having Same Period and Along Same Line
- The Energy of a Particle Performing S.H.M.
- Simple Pendulum
- Second’s Pendulum
- Angular S.H.M. and It's Differential Equation
- Magnet Vibrating in Uniform Magnetic Field
- Damped Oscillations
- Free Oscillations, Forced Oscillations and Resonance Oscillations
- Periodic and Oscillatory Motion
- Periodic Motion
- Oscillatory motion
- Some important terms in periodic motion
- Displacement as a function of time
- Periodic functions
- Fourier theorem
- Period and frequency
- Displacement
- Time Period
- Eneral Explanation of Elastic Property
- Plasticity
- Deformation
- Definition of Stress and Strain
- Hooke’s Law
- Elastic Energy
- Elastic energy
- Work done in stretching a wire
- Elastic Constants and Their Relation
- Determination of ‘Y’
- Behaviour of Metal Wire Under Increasing Load
- Application of Elastic Behaviour of Materials
- General explanation of elastic property, Plasticity, Deformation
- Definition of stress and strain
- Hooke’s law
- Poisson’s ratio
- Elastic energy, Elastic constants and their relation
- Determination of ‘Y’
- Behaviour of metal wire under increasing load
- Applications of elastic behaviour of materials
- Molecular Theory of Surface Tension
- Intermolecular force
- Range of molecular force
- Sphere of influence
- Surface film
- Free surface of a liquid
- Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory
- Surface Tension
- Surface Tension
- Force due to surface tension
- Factors affecting surface tension
1) Nature of liquid
2) Impurities
3) Temperature
4) Electrification - Applications of surface tension
- Capillarity and Capillary Action
- Capillary action
- Ascent formula
- Capillary fall
- Capillary rise
- Expression for capillary rise or fall
- Method (I): Using pressure difference
- Method (II): Using forces
- Effect of Impurity and Temperature on Surface Tension
- Effect of impurities
- Effect of temperature
- Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory, Surface energy, Surface tension, Angle of contact, Capillarity and capillary action, Effect of impurity and temperature on surface tension.
- Progressive Waves
- Properties of progressive waves
- Reflection of Waves
- Superposition of Waves
- Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Same Phase Moving towards Each Other
- Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Opposite Phases Moving towards Each Other
- Amplitude of the Resultant Wave Produced due to Superposition of Two Waves
- Stationary Waves
- Formation of Stationary Waves
- Equation of Stationary Wave on a Stretched String
- Condition for node
- Condition for antinode
- Properties of Stationary Waves
- Comparison of Progressive Waves and Stationary Waves
- Free and Forced Vibrations
- Harmonics and Overtones
- End Correction
- Vibrations of air column in a pipe closed at one end
- Vibrations of air column in a pipe open at both ends
- Practical Determination of End Connection
- Vibrations Produced in a String
- Laws of a Vibrating String
- Law of length
- Law of tension
- Law of linear density
- Sonometer
- Verification of first law of a vibrating string
- Verification of second law of a vibrating string
- Verification of third law of a vibrating string
- Beats
- Analytical method to determine beat frequency
- Applications of beats
- Characteristics of Sound
- Loudness
- Pitch
- Quality or timbre
- Musical Instruments
- Stringed instruments
- Wind instruments
- Percussion instruments
- The Speed of a Travelling Wave
- Speed of a Transverse Wave on Stretched String
- Speed of a Longitudinal Wave Speed of Sound
- Speed of Wave Motion
- Terms involved in wave motion
- Velocity of transverse wave on string
- Velocity of longitudinal wave (Sound wave)
- Factors affecting velocity of sound in gaseous medium
1) Effect of pressure at constant temperature
2) Effect of temperature
3) Effect of density
4) Effect of humidity
- Study of Vibrations of Air Columns
- Wave Motion Introduction
- Simple Harmonic Progressive Waves,
- Reflection of Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
- transverse wave
- capillary waves and gravity waves
- Change of Phase
- Principle of Superposition of Waves
- Superposition principle
- Some important terms
1) Phase
2) Phase difference
3) Path difference - Resultant amplitude due to superposition
- Resultant intensity due to superposition
- Formation of Beats
- Beats
- Conditions for beat formation
- Theory of beats
- Applications of beats
i) To determine the frequency of tuning fork
ii) To tune musical instruments
iii) To detect harmful gases in a mine
- Beats
- Analytical method to determine beat frequency
- Applications of beats
- Simple harmonic progressive waves
- Reflection of transverse and longitudinal waves
- Change of phase
- Superposition of waves
- Formation of beats
- Doppler effect in sound
- Introduction of Wave Optics
- Wave Optics
- Newton's Corpuscular Theory of light
- Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory
- Huygens' Wave Theory of light
- Merits of Huygens' Wave Theory
- Limitations of Huygens' wave theory
- Properties of Luminiferous Ether
- Nature of Light
- Corpuscular Nature
- Wave Nature
- Dual Nature of Light
- Ray optics or geometrical optics
- Wave optics or physical optics
- Particle nature of light
- Light as a Wave
- Huygens’ Theory
- Primary and Secondary Sources of Light
- Wavefront
- Huygens’ Principle
- Reflection of Light at a Plane Surface
- Refraction of Light at a Plane Boundary Between Two Media
- Dependence of Wavelength on the Refractive Index of the Medium
- Polarization
- Polarization by Reflection: Brewster’s Law
- Polarization by Scattering
- Interference
- Diffraction of Light
- Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
- Experimental set up for Fraunhofer diffraction
- Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Single Slit
- Comparison of Young’s Double Slit Interference Pattern and Single Slit Diffraction Pattern
- Double slit diffraction pattern
- Resolving Power
- Rayleigh’s Criterion for Limit of Resolution (or for Resolving Power)
- Resolving Power of a Microscope
- Resolving Power of a Telescope
- Study of Vibrations in a Finite Medium
- Formation of Stationary Waves on String
- Study of Vibrations of Air Columns
- Free and Forced Vibrations
- Forced Oscillations and Resonance
- Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
- resonance
- Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
- Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency
- Study of vibrations in a finite medium
- Formation of stationary waves on string
- Study of vibrations of air columns
- Free and Forced vibrations
- Resonance
- Electrostatics
- Application of Gauss' Law
- Electric Field Intensity due to Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell or Hollow Sphere
- Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
- Electric Field due to a Charged Infinite Plane Sheet
- Electric Potential and Potential Energy
- Expression for potential energy
- Units of potential energy
- Concept of Potential
- Relation between electric field and electric potential
- Zero potential
- Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge, a Dipole and a System of Charges
- Electric potential due to a point charge
- Electric potential due to an electric dipole
- Electrostatics potential due to a system of charges
- Equipotential Surfaces
- Equipotential surface
- Properties of equipotential surface
- Shapes of equipotential surface due to various charge distributions
- Electrical Energy of Two Point Charges and of a Dipole in an Electrostatic Field
- Potential energy of a system of 2 point charges
- Potential energy for a system of N point charges
- Potential energy of a single charge in an external field
- Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field
- Potential energy of a dipole in an external field
- Conductors and Insulators, Free Charges and Bound Charges Inside a Conductor
- Conductors and Insulators
- Free charges and Bound charges inside materials
- Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation
- Polar dielectrics
- Non Polar dielectrics
- Polarization of a non-polar dielectric in an external electric field
- Polarization of a polar dielectric in an external electric field
- Reduction of electric field due to polarization of a dielectric
- Capacitors and Capacitance, Combination of Capacitors in Series and Parallel
- Uses of Capacitors
- Principle of a capacitor
- Combination of Capacitors
- Capacitors in series
- Capacitors in Parallel
- Displacement Current
- Need for displacement current
- Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law
- Displacement current
- Conduction current
- Origin of electromagnetic waves
- Maxwell's equations
1) Gauss' law in electrostatics
2) Gauss' law in magnetism
3) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
4) Ampere - Maxwell's law
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Van De Graaff Generator
- Principle
- Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet and Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell (Field Inside and Outside)
- Current Electricity
- Kirchhoff’s Laws of Electrical Network
- Kirchhoff’s First Law: (Current law/Junction law)
- Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Wheatstone bridge
- Balanced bridge
- Unbalanced bridge
- Potentiometer
- Potentiometer Principle
- Applications to measure potential difference
- To Compare emf. of Cells
- To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
- Application of potentiometer
- Voltage Divider
- Audio Control
- Potentiometer as a senor
- Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter
- Merits
- Demerits
- Galvanometer
- Galvanometer as an Ammeter
- Galvanometer as a Voltmeter
- Concept of an Ideal Gas
- Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
- Based on Nature of gas molecules
- Based on motion of gas molecules
- Mean Free Path
- Free path
- Mean free path
- Derivation for Pressure of a Gas
- Degrees of Freedom
- Degrees of freedom
- Degrees of freedom of mono, di, and triatomic gases
1) Monoatomic gas
2) Diatomic gas
3) Triatomic gas
4) Polyatomic gas - Degrees of freedom for different gases at room temperature
- Derivation of Boyle’s Law
statement, mathematical form, simple calculations
- Thermal Equilibrium
- Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic
- Heat Engine
- Heat engine
- Source
- Working substance
- Sink
- Working
- Efficiency of heat engine
- Heat and Temperature
- Heat
- Temperature
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Perfectly black body
- Ferry's black body
- Spectrum of black body radiation in terms of wavelength
- Wien's Displacement Law
- Green House Effect
- Green House Effect
- Green House gases
- Stefan's Law
- Stefan's (Stefan - Boltzmann) law
- Maxwell Distribution
- Specific Heat Capacities - Gases
- Applications of the law of equipartition of energy for specific heat capacity
- Monatomic Gases
- Diatomic Gases
- Triatomic Gases
- Specific Heat Capacity of Solids
- Specific Heat Capacity of Water
- Law of Equipartition of Energy
- Law of equipartition of energy
- Energy of a system of the degree of freedom (f)
- Magnetic Fields Due to Electric Current
- Magnetic Force
- Sources and fields
- Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force
- Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor
- Cyclotron Motion
- Cyclotron Accelerator
- Helical Motion
- Magnetic Force on a Wire Carrying a Current
- Straight wire
- Arbitrarily shaped wire
- Force on a Closed Circuit in a Magnetic Field
- Torque on a Current Loop in Magnetic Field
- Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform
magnetic field - Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
- The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
- Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform
- Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Potential Energy of a Dipole
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current: Biot-savart Law
- Current in a straight, long wire
- Force of Attraction Between Two Long Parallel Wires
- Magnetic Field Produced by a Current in a Circular Arc of a Wire
- Axial Magnetic Field Produced by Current in a Circular Loop
- Magnetic Lines for a Current Loop
- Ampere's Law
- Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid
- Magnetic field due to a long straight solenoid
- Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid
- Wave Theory of Light
- Huygens' Principle
- Wavefront
- Wave normal
- Wave surface
- Huygens' Principle
- Spherical Wavefront
- Plane Wavefront
- Cylindrical wavefront
- Construction of Plane and Spherical Wave Front,
- Wave Normal
- Reflection and Refraction of Plane Wave at a Plane Surface Using Wave Fronts
- Polarisation
- Method of producing polarised light
- Polarisation by reflection
- By Dichroism
- By double refraction
- Nicol prism
- By scattering
- Uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids
- Brewster's Law
- Beats
- Analytical method to determine beat frequency
- Applications of beats
- Magnetic Materials
- Torque Acting on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- Location of Magnetic poles of a Current Carrying Loop
- Origin of Magnetism in Materials
- Magnetic Moment of an Electron Revolving Around the Nucleus of an Atom
- Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Classification of magnetic material: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic
- Atomic theory of magnetism
- Magnetism on the basis of electron theory
1) Diamagnetism
2) Paramagnetism
3) Ferromagnetism
- Hysteresis
- Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet
- Permanent magnet
- Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
- Difference between Permanent magnet and electromagnet
- Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet
- Magnetic Shielding
- Interference of Light
- Interference of light
- Condition for constructive interference
- Condition for destructive interference
- Interference fringe
- Interference due to thin film
- Interference in thin parallel plate film
- Interference in thin parallel plate film due to reflected light
- Interference in thin parallel plate film due to transmitted light
- Interference in thin wedge-shaped film
- Colours in thin film
- Conditions for Producing Steady Interference Pattern
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment
- Young's double-slit experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ, between waves from the two slits
- Using ∆x = nλ for bright fringe and ∆x = (n + ½)λ for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ = yn/D as y and θ are small, obtain yn = (D/d)nλ and fringe width β = (D/d)λ.
- Graph of distribution of intensity with angular distance.
- Analytical Treatment of Interference Bands
- Measurement of Wavelength by Biprism Experiment
- Fraunhofer Diffraction Due to a Single Slit
- Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation only)
- Formulae based comparison between secondary maxima and minima
- Diffraction at a single slit: experimental setup, diagram, diffraction pattern, obtain an expression for the position of minima, a sinθn = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3 … and conditions for secondary maxima, asinθn = (n + ½)λ.
- Distribution of intensity with angular distance
- Diffraction at plane grating
- Diffraction due to circular aperture
- Comparison between interference and diffraction
- Fresnel distance
- Rayleigh’s Criterion
- Resolving Power of a Microscope and Telescope
- Difference Between Interference and Diffraction
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
- Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Factors affecting the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
- The direction of induced e.m.f.
- Fleming’s right-hand rule
- Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law
- Lenz's Law
- Applications of Lenz's law
- Motion of a Magnet Toward a Loop
- Energy Conservation in Lenz's Law
- Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law
- Flux of the Field
- Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)
- Translational motion of a conductor
- Motional emf in a rotating bar
- Induced Emf in a Stationary Coil in a Changing Magnetic Field
- Generators
- Back Emf and Back Torque
- Induction and Energy Transfer
- Eddy Currents
- Eddy Current
- Drawbacks
- Applications
1) Dead-beat galvanometer
2) Electric-brakes
3) Induction furnace
4) Speedometer
5) Energy meter
6) Induction motor
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Mutual Inductance
- Mutual Induction
- Factors affecting mutual inductance (M)
- Relation between M, L1, and L2.
- Two coils in series
- Two coils in parallel
- Self Inductance
- Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
- Energy Density of a Magnetic Field
- Transformers
- Transformer
- Principle of transformer
- Efficiency of transformer (η)
- Losses in transformer
1) Cu loss (I2R)
2) Eddy current loss
3) Hysteresis loss
4) Magnetic flux leakage
5) Humming losses
- Applications of Gauss’s Law
- Statement of Gauss'S Theorem and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
- Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell - Field outside the shell, Field inside the shell
- Mechanical Force on Unit Area of a Charged Conductor
- Energy Density of a Medium
- Dielectrics and Polarisation
- Dielectrics
- Types of dielectrics
1) Polar dielectrics
2) Non-polar dielectrics - Electric polarisation
- Dielectric constant
- Electric susceptibility of dielectric
- Concept of Condenser
- The Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Capacity of Parallel Plate Condenser
- Effect of Dielectric on Capacity
- Energy of Charged Condenser
- Condensers in Series and Parallel,
- Van-deGraaff Generator
- AC Circuits
- A.C. Generator
- A.C. Generator (A. C. dynamo)
- Principle of A.C. generator
- Average and RMS Values
- Average or mean value of AC
- Root-mean-square (or rms) value
- Phasors
- Different Types of AC Circuits
- AC voltage applied to a resistor
- AC voltage applied to an Inductor
- AC voltage applied to a capacitor
- AC circuit containing resistance inductance and capacitance in series (LCR circuit)
- Power in Ac Circuit
- LC Oscillations
- Electric Resonance
- Series resonance circuit
- Parallel resonance circuit
- Sharpness of Resonance: Q Factor
- Choke Coil
- Kirchhoff’s Rules
- Kirchhoff's law
- Kirchhoff's first law or Kirchhoff's current law (KCL)
- Kirchhofrs second law or Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
- Applications of Kirchhoff's law
- Wheatstone’s bridge
- Meter bridge
- Potentiometer
- Comparison of emf of two cells with a potentiometer
- Measurement of internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Wheatstone bridge
- Balanced bridge
- Unbalanced bridge
- Meter Bridge
- Metre Bridge
- Metre bridge or slide-wire bridge
- Applications of metre bridge
- Measurement of unknown resistance (S)
- Comparison of two unknown resistances
- Measurement of unknown temperature
- Measurement of unknown resistance of a galvanometer (Kelvin's method)
- Potentiometer
- Potentiometer Principle
- Applications to measure potential difference
- To Compare emf. of Cells
- To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
- Application of potentiometer
- Voltage Divider
- Audio Control
- Potentiometer as a senor
- Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter
- Merits
- Demerits
- Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- The Photoelectric Effect
- Experimental Set-up of Photoelectric Effect
- Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
- Failure of Wave Theory to Explain the Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
- Einstein’s Postulate of Quantization of Energy and the Photoelectric Equation
- Dual behaviour of electromagnetic spectrum
- Wave-particle Duality of Electromagnetic Radiation
- Photo Cell
- De Broglie Hypothesis
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Wave-particle Duality of Matter
- Ampere’s Circuital Law
- Ampere's Law and Its Applications to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
- Magnetic field due to the current carrying wire of infinite length using Ampère’s law
- Magnetic field due to a long current carrying solenoid
- Toroid
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter
- Moving Coil Galvanometer Current Sensitivity
- Types of Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Suspended type MCG: Principle, Construction
- Pivoted type MCG
- Sensitivity of MCG
- Current sensitivity (Si)
- Voltage Sensitivity (Sv)
- Factors affecting the sensitivity of MCG
- Accuracy of MCG
- Conversion of MCG into ammeter
- Conversion of MCG into voltmeter
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Cyclotron
- Cyclotron
- Principle
- Construction
- Working
- Limitations
- Uses
- Cyclotron
- Structure of Atoms and Nuclei
- Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Geiger-marsden Experiment
- Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Difficulties with Rutherford’s Model
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr’s Atomic Model
- Wave particle duality of electromagnetic radiation
- Line emission spectrum of hydrogen
- Radii of the Orbits
- Energy of the Electrons
- Limitations of Bohr’s Model
- De Broglie’s Explanation
- Atomic Nucleus
- Constituents of a Nucleus
- Units for measuring masses of atoms and subatomic particles
- Sizes of Nuclei
- Nuclear Forces
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Radioactive Decays
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Nuclear Energy
- Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Its Magnetic Dipole Moment
- Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Classification of magnetic material: Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic
- Atomic theory of magnetism
- Magnetism on the basis of electron theory
1) Diamagnetism
2) Paramagnetism
3) Ferromagnetism
- Curie Temperature
- Semiconductor Devices
- p-n Junction Diode as a Rectifier
- Half Wave Rectifier
- Full Wave Rectifier
- Ripple Factor
- Filter circuits
- A capacitor filter
- Special Purpose Junction Diodes
- Zener Diode
- Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
- Emitter
- Base
- Collector
- Depletion region
- Current
- Resistance
- Working of a p-n-p transistor
- Transistor configuration
- The Common Emitter (CE) Configuration
- The Common Emitter (CE) characteristic
- Transistor as an Amplifier
- Working of the amplifier
- Logic Gates
- NOT Gate
- OR Gate
- AND Gate
- NAND Gate
- NOR Gate
- Exclusive OR/ X-OR Gate
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
- Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
1) First law
2) Second Law
- Laws of Electromagnetic Induction or Faraday's Laws of Induction
- Inductance
- Self Inductance
- Self Induction
- Factors affecting self inductance (L)
- Mutual Inductance
- Mutual Induction
- Factors affecting mutual inductance (M)
- Relation between M, L1, and L2.
- Two coils in series
- Two coils in parallel
- Self Inductance
- Transformers
- Transformer
- Principle of transformer
- Efficiency of transformer (η)
- Losses in transformer
1) Cu loss (I2R)
2) Eddy current loss
3) Hysteresis loss
4) Magnetic flux leakage
5) Humming losses
- Need for Displacement Current
- Coil Rotating in Uniform Magnetic Induction
- Alternating Currents
- Alternating current
- Terms Related to alternating current
- Instantaneous value
- Peak value
- Mean value or average value
- Mean square value
- Root mean square (r.m.s) value
- Peak to peak value
- Form factor and peak factor
- Impedance (Z)
- Reactance (X): Inductive and Capacitive reactance
- Admittance (Y)
- Susceptance (S): Inductive and Capacitive susceptance
- Conductance
- Reactance and Impedance
- LC Oscillations
- Inductance and Capacitance
- Resonant Circuits
- Series Resonance Circuit
- Resonant frequency (Natural frequency)
- Quality factor (Q - factor) of series resonant circuit
- Parallel Resonance Circuit
- Parallel LC circuits
- Parallel RLC Circuit
- Power in AC Circuit: the Power Factor
- Power in A.C. Circuits
- Power Factor
- Wattless Current
- Instantaneous power
- Average power
- Virtual power
- Choke Coil
- Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy
- Lenz's Law
- Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations
- Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations
- Hertz and Lenard's Observations
- Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment
- Einstein’s Equation - Particle Nature of Light
- Einstein's equation Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency
- Einstein used Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for radiation (light); the photoelectric effect can be explained only assuming the quantum (particle) nature of radiation.
- Determination of Planck’s constant (from the graph of stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of the incident light).
- Momentum of photon p = E/c = hν/c = h/λ.
- Particle Nature of Light
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
- Alpha-particle trajectory
- Electron orbits
- Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom (mathematical theory of scattering excluded), based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of closest approach of α particle to the nucleus,
obtained by equating ∆K = ½ mv2 of the α particle to the change in electrostatic potential energy ∆U of the system `"U" = (2e xx "Ze")/(4πε_0r_0) r_0 ∼ 10^(-15) "m" = 1` fermi; atomic structure; only general qualitative ideas, including atomic number Z, Neutron number N and mass number A.
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
- Bohr's theory and atomic spectrum of hydrogen
- Ionization energy
- Hydrogen Spectrum
- Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
- Composition and Size of Nucleus
- Radioactivity
- Law of Radioactive Decay
- Atomic Mass, Mass - Energy Relation and Mass Defect
- Atomic Mass
- Mass-Energy Relation
- Mass Defect
- Packing fraction
- Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Binding Energy per Nucleon and Its Variation with Mass Number
- Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- de-Broglie Relation
- De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of electron diffraction (qualitative only).
- Wave nature of radiation is exhibited in interference, diffraction and polarisation; particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric effect.
- Dual nature of matter: particle nature common in that it possesses momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The
wave nature of matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie, λ = h/p = h/mv.
- Wave Nature of Matter
- Matter waves
- De Broglie wave relation
- De Broglie wavelength of an electron
- Ratio of de Broglie wavelengths of photon and electron
- Wavelength of an Electron
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Continuous and Characteristics X-rays
- Energy Bands in Solids
- Energy bands in Solids
- Energy bands in solids are of three types
- Valence band
- Conduction band
- Forbidden energy gap or Energy band gap
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Doping
- Types of doping
1) Pentavalent dopants
2) Trivalent dopants - Extrinsic semiconductors
- Types of Extrinsic semiconductors
1) n-type semiconductor
2) p-type semiconductor - The conductivity of semiconductors (σ)
- Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors
- Electrical Properties
- Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes
- Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
- Zener diode
- Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell
- Semiconductor Diode
- Semiconductor Diode
- Potential barrier at the junction diode
- Biasing of the p-n junction diode
1) Forward biasing
2) Reverse biasing - V-I Characteristics of a p-n junction diode
1) p-n junction diode under forward bias: Cut-off or knee voltage
2) p-n junction diode under reverse bias: Breakdown voltage
3) Reverse Breakdown: Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - Dynamic Resistance
- Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
- Zener diode
- I-V characteristics of Zener diode
- Zener diode as voltage regulator
- Line regulation in Zener diode
- Load regulation in Zener diode
- Ratings of a Zener diode
- I-V Characteristics of Led
- Transistor and Characteristics of a Transistor
- Configurations of a transistor
i) Common-base configuration (CB)
ii) Common-emitter configuration (CE)
iii) Common-collector configuration (CC) - Types of characteristic curves
i) Input characteristics curve
ii) Output characteristics curve
iii) Transfer characteristics curve - Transistor characteristics in CE configuration
a) Input Characteristics
b) Output characteristics of a transistor: Active region, Cut-off region, Saturation region - Different modes of operation of a transistor
- Current-transfer Characteristics
- Transistor as a switch
- Configurations of a transistor
- Junction Transistor
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- npn Transistor as Common Emitter Amplifier
- Various gains in amplifiers
- Comparison between CB, CE and CC amplifier
- Transistor as an Amplifier (Ce-configuration)
- Transistor as a Switch
- Oscillators
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
- Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
- Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals
- Elements of a Communication System
- Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram Only)
- Introduction and Modes of Communication
1) Point-to-point communication
2) Broadcast
- Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems
- Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
- Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater
- Bandwidth of Signals
- Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)
- Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
- Need for Modulation and Demodulation
- Production and Detection of an Amplitude Modulated Wave
- Space Communication
- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves
- Earth's atmosphere
- Importance of radio waves in communication
- Space communication
- Ground wave propagation
- Sky wave propagation
- Space wave propagation
- Line of Sight Communication
- Modulation and Its Necessity
- Carrier waves and their types: Sinusoidal signal and Pulse shaped signal
- Modulation
- Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
- Base Band Signals
- Factors affecting transmission of electronic signal in the audio frequency range
- Size of the antenna or aerial: Hertz and Marconi antenna
- Effective power radiated by an antenna
- Mixing up of signals from different transmitters