Physics 12th Board Exam HSC Science (Computer Science) Maharashtra State Board Topics and Syllabus

• Introduction

• Kinematics of Circular Motion
• Dynamics of Circular Motion (Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force)

1. Centripetal force (CPF)
2. Centrifugal force (c.f.f.)

• Vehicle Along a Horizontal Circular Track
• Well (or Wall) of Death
• Vehicle on a Banked Road

1. Most safe speed
2. Banking angle
3. Speed limits

• Conical Pendulum

• Point Mass Undergoing Vertical Circular Motion Under Gravity

1. Case I: Mass tied to a string
2. Case II: Mass tied to a rod

• Sphere of Death
• Vehicle at the Top of a Convex OverBridge

• Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Ring
• Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Disc

• Theorem of Parallel Axes
• Theorem of Perpendicular Axes

• Expression for Angular Momentum in Terms of Moment of Inertia

• Ballet dancers
• Diving in a swimming pool (during competition)

• Linear Acceleration and Speed While Pure Rolling Down an Inclined Plane

• Relation Between Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity

• Period, Radius Vector and Angular Speed
• Expression for Centripetal Acceleration

1. Law of orbit
2. Law of areas
3. Law of periods

• Weightlessness Condition in Orbit

• Thrust
• Unit of thrust
• Example of thrust
• Pressure
• Unit of Pressure
• Examples of Pressure in our daily life

• Liquid Pressure
• Experiment of pressure on fluid

• Atmospheric Pressure
• Demonstration of Atmospheric Pressure

• Hydraulic lift
• Hydraulic brakes

1. Intermolecular force
2. Range of molecular force
3. Sphere of influence
4. Surface film
5. Free surface of a liquid
6. Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory

1. Surface Tension
2. Surface Energy
3. Relation between the surface energy and surface tension

• Shape of meniscus

1. Concave meniscus - acute angle of contact
2. Convex meniscus - obtuse angle of contact
3. Zero angle of contact
4. Angle of contact 900 and conditions for convexity and concavity

• Shape of liquid drops on a solid surface
• Factors affecting the angle of contact

1. Effect of impurities
2. Effect of temperature

1. Plane liquid surface
2. Convex liquid surface
3. Concave liquid surface

1. Capillary fall
2. Capillary rise

• Expression for capillary rise or fall

• Method (I): Using pressure difference
• Method (II): Using forces

• Coefficient of viscosity

1. Speed of efflux
2. Ventury tube
3. Lifting up of an aeroplane
4. Working of an atomizer
5. Blowing off of roofs by stormy wind

• Linear Acceleration and Speed While Pure Rolling Down an Inclined Plane

• Moment of a Force (Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body)
• Angular Momentum and Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum and Its Applications
• Moment of force (Torque)
• Angular momentum of a particle
• Torque and angular momentum for a system of particles
• conservation of angular momentum

• Theorem of Parallel Axes
• Theorem of Perpendicular Axes

• Gases
• Behaviour and characteristic properties of gases

1. Composition of gases
2. Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape
3. Gases exert pressure in all directions
4. Gases are highly compressible
5. Gases are highly expansible
6. Gases have low density
7. Gases have a natural tendency to mix with one another (diffusion)
8. Gases can be liquefied

• Degrees of Freedom
• Diatomic Molecules

• Specific Heat Capacity
• Units of specific heat capacity
• Measurement of specific heat: (mixing method) and calorimeter
• Specific Heat Capacity of some common substance

• Interaction of Thermal Radiation and Matter

• Ferry’s Blackbody

• Coefficient of Emission or Emissivity

Period and frequency

Displacement

Time Period

• Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M) and Its Equation
• Simple harmonic motion) Phase
• amplitude, phase constant (or phase angle)
• The projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter of SHM
• Time period, frequency, phase, phase difference and epoch in SHM

• Simple Pendulum Derivation of Expression for Its Time Period and Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
• Oscillations of a Loaded Spring - Restoring Force and Force Constant
• Oscillations due to a Spring
• The Simple Pendulum 

• Internal Energy
• Thermodynamic system and Thermodynamic Process
• Heat
• Change in Internal Energy of a System

• Formulation of first law of thermodynamics
• First law of thermodynamics for various processes

1. Isothermal process
2. Adiabatic process
3. Isochoric process
4. Isobaric process

• Property of a system or a system variable
• Intensive and Extensive variables

1. Thermodynamic Equilibrium
   a) Mechanical equilibrium
   b) Chemical equilibrium
   c) Thermal equilibrium
2. Thermodynamic State Variables and Equation of State
3. The p - V diagram

• Work Done During a Thermodynamic Process
• Heat Added During a Thermodynamic Process

1. A working substance
2. Hot and cold reservoir
3. Cylinder

• The Heat Engine Cycle and the p-V Diagram

• Heat Flow from a Colder Region to a Hotter Region
• Refrigerator
• Performance of a Refrigerator
• Air conditioner
• Heat Pump

• Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics
• The second law of thermodynamics, statement

• Significance of Reversibility in Thermodynamics
• Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine and Carnot’s Cycle
• Carnot Refrigerator
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot Cycle

• Expressions of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) at time t
• Extreme values of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a)

1. Displacement
2. Velocity
3. Acceleration

• Amplitude of S.H.M.
• Period of S.H.M.
• Frequency of S.H.M.

1. Particle executing S.H.M., starting from mean position, towards positive
2. Particle performing S.H.M., starting from the positive extreme position

• Second’s Pendulum

• Magnet Vibrating in Uniform Magnetic Field

Period and frequency

Displacement

Time Period

1. Intermolecular force
2. Range of molecular force
3. Sphere of influence
4. Surface film
5. Free surface of a liquid
6. Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory

1. Capillary fall
2. Capillary rise

• Expression for capillary rise or fall

• Method (I): Using pressure difference
• Method (II): Using forces

1. Effect of impurities
2. Effect of temperature

• Properties of progressive waves

• Reflection of a Transverse Wave
• Reflection of a Longitudinal Wave

• Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Same Phase Moving towards Each Other
• Superposition of Two Wave Pulses of Equal Amplitude and Opposite Phases Moving towards Each Other
• Amplitude of the Resultant Wave Produced due to Superposition of Two Waves

• Formation of Stationary Waves
• Equation of Stationary Wave on a Stretched String

1. Condition for node
2. Condition for antinode

• Properties of Stationary Waves
• Comparison of Progressive Waves and Stationary Waves

• End Correction
• Vibrations of air column in a pipe closed at one end
• Vibrations of air column in a pipe open at both ends
• Practical Determination of End Connection
• Vibrations Produced in a String
• Laws of a Vibrating String

1. Law of length
2. Law of tension
3. Law of linear density

1. Verification of first law of a vibrating string
2. Verification of second law of a vibrating string
3. Verification of third law of a vibrating string

• Analytical method to determine beat frequency
• Applications of beats

1. Loudness
2. Pitch
3. Quality or timbre

1. Stringed instruments
2. Wind instruments
3. Percussion instruments

• Speed of a Transverse Wave on Stretched String
• Speed of a Longitudinal Wave Speed of Sound

• transverse wave
• capillary waves and gravity waves

• Analytical method to determine beat frequency
• Applications of beats

• Corpuscular Nature
• Wave Nature
• Dual Nature of Light

1. Ray optics or geometrical optics
2. Wave optics or physical optics
3. Particle nature of light

• Primary and Secondary Sources of Light
• Wavefront
• Huygens’ Principle

• Dependence of Wavelength on the Refractive Index of the Medium

• Polarization by Reflection: Brewster’s Law
• Polarization by Scattering

• Coherent Sources of Light
• Young’s Double Slit Experiment
• Intensity distribution
• Conditions for Obtaining Well Defined and Steady Interference Pattern
• Methods for Obtaining Coherent Sources
• Optical Path

• Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
• Experimental set up for Fraunhofer diffraction
• Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Single Slit
• Comparison of Young’s Double Slit Interference Pattern and Single Slit Diffraction Pattern
• Double slit diffraction pattern

• Rayleigh’s Criterion for Limit of Resolution (or for Resolving Power)
• Resolving Power of a Microscope
• Resolving Power of a Telescope

• Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
• resonance
• Small Damping, Driving Frequency far from Natural Frequency
• Driving Frequency Close to Natural Frequency

• Electric Field Intensity due to Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell or Hollow Sphere
• Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
• Electric Field due to a Charged Infinite Plane Sheet

• Expression for potential energy
• Units of potential energy
• Concept of Potential
• Relation between electric field and electric potential
• Zero potential

1. Electric potential due to a point charge
2. Electric potential due to an electric dipole
3. Electrostatics potential due to a system of charges

• Potential energy of a system of 2 point charges
• Potential energy for a system of N point charges
• Potential energy of a single charge in an external field
• Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field
• Potential energy of a dipole in an external field

1. Conductors and Insulators
2. Free charges and Bound charges inside materials

• Polar dielectrics
• Non Polar dielectrics
• Polarization of a non-polar dielectric in an external electric field
• Polarization of a polar dielectric in an external electric field
• Reduction of electric field due to polarization of a dielectric

• Uses of Capacitors
• Principle of a capacitor
• Combination of Capacitors

1. Capacitors in series
2. Capacitors in Parallel

• Principle
• Construction
• Working
• Uses

• Kirchhoff’s First Law: (Current law/Junction law)
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

• Application of Wheatstone bridge
• Metre Bridge

• Potentiometer Principle
• Use of Potentiometer

1. To Compare emf. of Cells
2. To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
3. Application of potentiometer

1. Voltage Divider
2. Audio Control
3. Potentiometer as a senor

• Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter

1. Merits
2. Demerits

• Galvanometer as an Ammeter
• Galvanometer as a Voltmeter

• Definition
• Monoatomic molecule
• Diatomic molecule

1. At Normal temperature
2. At High Temperature

• Triatomic molecules

statement, mathematical form, simple calculations

1. A working substance
2. Hot and cold reservoir
3. Cylinder

• The Heat Engine Cycle and the p-V Diagram

• Introduction
• Meaning of heat
• Meaning of work
• Meaning of temperature

• Green House Effect
• Green House gases

• Application to Specific Heat Capacities of Gases;
• Monatomic Gases
• Diatomic Gases
• Specific Heat Capacity of Solids
• Specific Heat Capacity of Water

• Degrees of Freedom
• Diatomic Molecules

• Cyclotron Accelerator

1. Straight wire
2. Arbitrarily shaped wire

• Moving Coil Galvanometer

• Current in a straight, long wire

1. Solenoid
2. Toroid

• Wave Front and Huygen's Principle

• Uses of Plane Polarised Light and Polaroids
• Polarisation by scattering
• Polarisation by reflection
• Plane polarised light
• Polarisation Techniques
• Polarisation by selective absorption
• Polarisation by reflection
• Polarisation by double refraction
• Types of optically active crystals
• Nicol prism

• Analytical method to determine beat frequency
• Applications of beats

• Location of Magnetic poles of a Current Carrying Loop

• Magnetic Moment of an Electron Revolving Around the Nucleus of an Atom

• Diamagnetism
• Paramagnetism
• Ferromagnetism
• Effect of Temperature

• Permanent magnet
• Difference between Permanent magnet and electromagnet
• Advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet

• Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width or Young’s Experiment

• Electromagnetic Induction
• Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
• Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction

• Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction
• Factors affecting the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
• The direction of induced e.m.f.

1. Fleming’s right-hand rule
2. Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law

• Applications of Lenz's law

1. Motion of a Magnet Toward a Loop
2. Energy Conservation in Lenz's Law
3. Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law

1. Translational motion of a conductor
2. Motional emf in a rotating bar

• Statement of Gauss'S Theorem and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
• Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
• Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
• Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell - Field outside the shell, Field inside the shell

• Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation

1. Average or mean value of AC
2. Root-mean-square (or rms) value

1. AC voltage applied to a resistor
2. AC voltage applied to an Inductor 
3. AC voltage applied to a capacitor
4. AC circuit containing resistance inductance and capacitance in series (LCR circuit)

1. Series resonance circuit
2. Parallel resonance circuit

• Kirchhoff's Laws and Simple Applications
• Kirchhoff’s first rule (Current rule or Junction rule)
• Kirchhoff’s Second rule (Voltage rule or Loop rule)
• Wheatstone’s bridge
• Meter bridge
• Potentiometer
• Comparison of emf of two cells with a potentiometer
• Measurement of internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer

• Application of Wheatstone bridge
• Metre Bridge

• Potentiometer Principle
• Use of Potentiometer

1. To Compare emf. of Cells
2. To Find Internal Resistance (r) of a Cell
3. Application of potentiometer

1. Voltage Divider
2. Audio Control
3. Potentiometer as a senor

• Advantages of a Potentiometer Over a Voltmeter

1. Merits
2. Demerits

• Experimental Set-up of Photoelectric Effect
• Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
• Failure of Wave Theory to Explain the Observations from Experiments on Photoelectric Effect
• Einstein’s Postulate of Quantization of Energy and the Photoelectric Equation

• Ampere's Law and Its Applications to Infinitely Long Straight Wire
• Magnetic field due to the current carrying wire of infinite length using Ampère’s law 
• Magnetic field due to a long current carrying solenoid
• Toroid

• Moving Coil Galvanometer
• Moving Coil Galvanometer Conversion to Voltmeter and Ammeter
• Moving Coil Galvanometer Current Sensitivity

• Difficulties with Rutherford’s Model

• Wave particle duality of electromagnetic radiation
• Line emission spectrum of hydrogen
• Radii of the Orbits
• Energy of the Electrons
• Limitations of Bohr’s Model
• De Broglie’s Explanation

• Constituents of a Nucleus
• Units for measuring masses of atoms and subatomic particles
• Sizes of Nuclei
• Nuclear Forces

• Alpha Decay
• Beta Decay
• Gamma Decay

• Half-life of Radioactive Material
• Average Life of a Radioactive Species

• Nuclear Fission

1. Uranium Nuclear Reactor
2. Chain Reaction

• Nuclear Fusion

• Diamagnetism
• Paramagnetism
• Ferromagnetism
• Effect of Temperature

• Half Wave Rectifier
• Full Wave Rectifier
• Ripple Factor
• Filter circuits
• A capacitor filter

• Zener Diode

• Emitter
• Base
• Collector
• Depletion region
• Current
• Resistance
• Working of a p-n-p transistor
• Transistor configuration

1. The Common Emitter (CE) Configuration
2. The Common Emitter (CE) characteristic
3. Transistor as an Amplifier

• Working of the amplifier

• NOT Gate
• OR Gate
• AND Gate
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
• Exclusive OR/ X-OR Gate

• Electromagnetic Induction
• Demonstration of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
• Faraday's explanation of Electromagnetic Induction

• Laws of Electromagnetic Induction Or Faraday'S Laws of Induction

• Introduction
• Mean or Average value of AC
• RMS value of AC
• AC circuit containing pure resistor
• AC circuit containing only an inductor
• AC circuit containing only a capacitor
• AC circuit containing a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor in series – Series RLC circuit
• Resonance in series RLC Circuit
• Quality factor or Q–factor

• Power in Ac Circuit
• Power Factor
• Wattless Current

• Lenz's Law

• Hertz and Lenard's Observations
• Hallwach and Lenard's Experiment

• Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment and Rutherford's Model of Atom
• Alpha-particle trajectory
• Electron orbits

• Postulates of Bohr atomic theory
• Results of Bohr’s theory
• Explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen using Bohr theory
•  Limitations of Bohr model
• Reasons for failure of the Bohr model

• Composition and Size of Nucleus

• Half-life of Radioactive Material
• Average Life of a Radioactive Species

• Matter Waves - Wave Nature of Particles

• n-type semiconductor
• p-type semiconductor
• Charge neutrality of extrinsic semiconductors

• Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
• characteristics of Led, Photodiode, Solar Cell and Zener Diode
• Zener diode
• Optoelectronic junction devices - Photodiode, Light emitting diode, Solar cell

• Semiconductor Diode - I-V Characteristics in Forward and Reverse Bias
•  p-n junction diode under forward bias
• p-n junction diode under forward bias

• Logic Gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
• Logic gates - NOT gate, OR Gate, AND Gate, NAND Gate, NOR Gate
• Basic Idea of Analog and Digital Signals

• Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram Only)
• Introduction and Modes of Communication

• Noise, Attenuation and Amplification
• Transducer, Signal, Noise, Transmitter, Receiver, Attenuation, Amplification, Range, Bandwidth, Modulation, Demodulation, Repeater

• Bandwidth of Signals (Speech, TV and Digital Data)

• Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in the Atmosphere, Sky and Space Wave Propagation
• Ground wave Propagation
• Sky waves Propagation
• Space wave Propagation

• Modulation
• Types of Modulation - frequency and amplitude
• Size of the antenna or aerial
• Effective power radiated by an antenna
• Mixing up of signals from different transmitters