Chemistry 12th Board Exam HSC Science (General) Maharashtra State Board Topics and Syllabus

• Solid State 
• Types of Solids 
  • Crystalline solids
  • Amorphous solids
  • Isomorphism and polymorphism
• Classification of Crystalline Solids 
  • Molecular solids - Non polar Molecular Solids, Polar Molecular Solids, Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Solids
  • Ionic Solids
  • Metallic Solids
  • Covalent or Network Solids
• Crystal Structure 
  • Crystal, lattice and basis
  • Unit Cell
  • Types of unit cell
  • Crystal systems
• Cubic System 
  • Number of particles in cubic unit cells
  • Relationship between molar mass, density of the substance and unit cell edge length, is deduced in the following steps
• Packing of Particles in Crystal Lattice 
  • Close packed structures
  • Coordination number in close packed structure
  • Number of voids per atom in hcp and ccp
• Packing Efficiency 
  • Packing efficiency of metal crystal in simple cubic lattice
  • Packing efficiency of metal crystal in body-centred cubic lattice
  • Packing efficiency of metal crystal in face-centred cubic lattice (or ccp or hcp lattice)
• Crystal Defects Or Imperfections 
  • Point defects
• Electrical Properties of Solids 
  • Band theory
  • Metals
  • Insulators
  • Semiconductors
  • Extrinsic semiconductors and doping
• Magnetic Properties of Solids 

• Introduction to Solid State 
• Classification of Crystalline Solids 
  • Molecular solids - Non polar Molecular Solids, Polar Molecular Solids, Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Solids
  • Ionic Solids
  • Metallic Solids
  • Covalent or Network Solids
• Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 

  Two dimensional structure of (a) quartz and (b) quartz glass , Distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

• Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Introduction 

  three dimensional cubic lattice and its unit cell, Bravais Lattices

• Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions 
• Concept of Close Packed Structures 

  Close Packing in One Dimension, Close Packing in Two Dimensions and Close Packing in Three Dimensions

• Packing Efficiency 
  • Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures 
• Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled 
• Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell 
  • Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
  • Body-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
  • Face-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
• Imperfections in Solids - Introduction 

  point defects and line defects

• Magnetic Properties 

  piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, Ferrimagnetism

  Magnetic properties: diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic.

• Solid State 
  • Band Theory of Metals 
• Electrical Properties - Introduction 
• Electrical Properties 
  • Applications of N-type and P-type Semiconductors 

• Classification of solids based on different forces;
• molecular ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors and semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.

• Types of Solutions 

  Gaseous Solutions,Liquid Solutions,Solid Solutions

• Expressing Concentration of Solutions 
  • Mass percentage (w/w), Volume percentage (V/V), Mass by volume percentage (w/V), Parts per million,Mole fraction
  • Standard solutions and working standards
  • Advantages of using standard solutions
• Solubility 
  • Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid 

    Henry's law

  • Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 

    Effect of temperature, Effect of pressure

• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction 
• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 
  • Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure 
  • Depression of Freezing Point 
  • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 
    • Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions
    • Osmotic pressure and concentration of solution
    • Molar mass of solute from osmotic pressure
    • Reverse osmosis
  • Elevation of Boiling Point 
• Abnormal Molar Masses 

  Van't Hoff Factor

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties –relative lowering 161 of vapor pressure,Raoult’s law elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
• Van’t Hoff factor and calculations involving it

• Solutions 
  • Introduction
• Types of Solutions 

  Gaseous Solutions,Liquid Solutions,Solid Solutions

• Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute 
• Solubility 
  • Factors affecting solubility
• Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids 
  • Raoult’s law
  • Ideal and nonideal solutions
• Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 
• Vapour Pressure Lowering 
  • Raoult’s law for solutions of nonvolatile solutes
  • Relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • Molar mass of solute from vapour pressure lowering
• Relative Molecular Mass of Non-volatile Substances 
  • Boiling Point Elevation 

    molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant

    • Boiling point elevation as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering
    • Boiling point elevation and concentration of solute
    • Molar mass of solute from boiling point elevation
  • Depression in Freezing Point 
    • Freezing point depression as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering
    • Freezing point depression and concentration of solute
    • Molar mass of solute from freezing point depression
• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 
  • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 
    • Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions
    • Osmotic pressure and concentration of solution
    • Molar mass of solute from osmotic pressure
    • Reverse osmosis
• Colligative Properties of Electrolytes 
  • Van’t Hoff factor
  • Modification of expressions of colligative properties
  • Van’t Hoff factor and degree of dissociation

• Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic 
  • Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic 
  • Concepts of System 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • Types of Systems 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • Surroundings 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • Work, Heat, Energy, Extensive and Intensive Properties 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • State Functions 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • First Law of Thermodynamics 
  • Internal Energy and Enthalpy 
  • Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation 
  • Enthalpy of Bond Dissociation 
  • Combustion, Formation, Atomization, Sublimation 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Phase Transition 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Ionization and Solution 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Dilution Introduction of Entropy as a State Function 
  • Free Energy Change for Spontaneous and Non Spontaneous Processes 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Equilibrium Constant 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics 

• Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings.
• Work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions.
• First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, Hess’ law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation. Phase transition, ionization and solution and dilution Introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and non spontaneous processes, and equilibrium constant.
• Second and third law of thermodynamics

• Ionic Equilibria 
  • Buffer Solutions 
    • Types of buffer solutions
    • Buffer action
    • Properties of buffer solution
    • Applications of buffer solution
    • Buffer capacity and buffer index
    • Henderson – Hasselbalch equation 
• Types of Electrolyte 
  • Strong electrolyte
  • Weak electrolyte
  • Degree of dissociation (∝)
• Acids and Bases 
  • Arrhenius theory of acids and bases
  • Bronsted - Lowry theory
  • Lewis theory
• Ionisation of Acids and Bases 
  • Dissociation constant of weak acids and weak bases
  • Ostwald's dilution law
• Autoionization of Water 
• Ionization of Acids and Bases 
  • The pH Scale 
    • Relationship between pH and pOH
    • Acidity, basicity and neutrality of aqueous solutions
• Hydrolysis of Salts 
  • Types of salts
  • Concept of hydrolysis
  • Salts of strong acids and strong bases
  • Salts of strong acids and weak bases
  • Salts of weak acids and strong bases
  • Salts of weak acids and weak bases
• Solubility Product and Its Applications 
  • Solubility product 
    • Solubility equilibria
    • Relationship between solubility and solubility product
    • Condition of precipitation
    • Determination of solubility product from molar solubility 
• Common Ion Effect 
  • Common ion effect and solubility

• Electrochemical Cells 
  • Daniell cell
  • Electrochemical reactions
  • Electrodes
  • Types of electrochemical cells
  • Galvanic cell
  • Galvanic cell notation
  • emf of a Cell
  • Measurement of electrode potential 
• Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction 
• Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 
  • Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration 

    limiting molar conductivity , Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes, Applications of Kohlrausch's law

• Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction 

  Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis, Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis:-(i) First Law,(ii) Second Law

• Batteries 
  • Primary Batteries 

    dry cell

  • fuel cell 

    structure, reactions and uses

• Electrochemistry 
  • Lead Accumulator 
• Galvanic Cells - Introduction 

  standard electrode potential, Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), Emf of a Cell

• Nernst Equation - Introduction 
• Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell 
• Concept of Corrosion 
  • Factors Affecting Corrosion 
• Redox Reaction 

• Redox reactions
• conductance in electrolytic solutions
• specific and molar conductivity
• variations of conductivity with concentration
• Kohlrausch’s Law
• electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea)
• dry cell –electrolytic and galvanic cells;
• lead accumulator
• EMF of a cell
• standard electrode potential
• Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
• fuel cells
• corrosion.
• Relation between Gibb’s energy change and emf of a cell.

• Chemical Thermodynamics 
• Terms Used in Thermodynamics 
  • System and surrounding
  • Types of system
  • Properties of system
  • State functions
  • Path Functions
  • Thermodynamic equilibrium
  • Process and its types
• Nature of Heat and Work 
  • Nature of work (W)
  • Nature of heat (Q)
  • Sign conventions of W and Q
• Expression for Pressure-volume (PV) Work 
  • Free expansion
  • Units of energy and work
• Concept of Maximum Work 
  • Expression for the maximum work
• Internal Energy (U) 
  • Joule’s mechanical equivalent of heat
  • First law of thermodynamics
  • Quasi-static process
  • Work done in volume changes
  • PV diagram
• First Law of Thermodynamics 
  • Formulation of first law of thermodynamics
  • First law of thermodynamics for various processes
  • Mathematical statement of the first law
• Enthalpy (H) 
  • Relationship between ΔH and ΔU for chemical reactions
  • Work done in chemical reaction
  • Enthalpy Changes for Different Types of Reactions and Phase Transitions
• Enthalpies of Physical Transformations 
  • Enthalpy of phase transition
  • Enthalpy for the atomic / molecular change
• Thermochemistry 
  • Enthalpy of chemical reaction (Δ_rH)
  • Exothermic and endothermic reactions
  • Standard enthalpy of reaction(Δ_rH⁰)
  • Thermochemical equation
  • Standard enthalpy of formation (Δ_fH⁰)
  • Standard enthalpy of reaction from standard enthalpies of formation
  • Standard enthalpy of combustion (Δ_cH⁰)
  • Bond enthalpy
  • Hess’s law of constant heat summation
• Spontaneous (Irreversible) Process 
  • Energy and spontaneity
  • Entropy
  • Entropy and spontaneity (Second law of Thermodynamics)
  • Second law of thermodynamics
  • Gibbs energy
  • Gibbs energy and spontaneity
  • Sponaneity and ΔH or ΔS
  • Temperature of equilibrium
  • Gibbs function and equilibrium constant

• Electrochemistry 
• Electric Conduction 
  • Metallic conduction
  • Electrolytic or ionic conduction
  • Information provided by measurement of conductivities of solutions
• Electrical Conductance of Solution 
  • Conductivity (k)
  • Molar conductivity (∧)
  • Relation between k and ∧
  • Variation of conductivity with concentration
  • Variation of molar conductivity with concentration
  • Variation of molar conductivity with concentration
  • Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions
  • Molar conductivity and degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes
  • Measurement of conductivity
• Electrochemical Cells 
  • Daniell cell
  • Electrochemical reactions
  • Electrodes
  • Types of electrochemical cells
  • Galvanic cell
  • Galvanic cell notation
  • emf of a Cell
  • Measurement of electrode potential 
• Electrolytic Cell 
  • Electrolysis of molten NaCl
  • Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl
  • Quantitative aspects of electrolysis
• Galvanic Or Voltaic Cell 
  • Salt bridge
  • Formulation or short notation of galvanic cells
  • Writing of cell reaction
• Electrode Potential and Cell Potential 
  • Standard potentials
  • Dependence of cell potential on concentration (Nernst equation)
• Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells 
  • Gibbs energy of cell reactions and cell potential
  • Standard cell potential and equilibrium constant
• Reference Electrodes 
  • Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
• Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life 
  • Dry cell (Leclanche' cell)
  • Lead storage battery (Lead accumulator)
  • Nickel-Cadmium or NICAD storage cell
  • Mercury battery
• Fuel Cells 
  • Fuel cell using H₂ and O₂ produces electricity
  • Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
• Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series) 

• Rate of a Chemical Reaction 
  • average and instantaneous, Units of rate of a reaction
  • Stoichiometry and rate of a reaction
  • Average and instantaneous rate
  • Rate law and rate constant
  • Differences between rate and rate constant of a reaction
• Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction 

  Dependence of Rate on Concentration, Rate Expression and Rate Constant, Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

• Integrated Rate Equations 
  • Half-life of a Reaction 
• Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions 

  elementary idea, no mathematical treatment, Arrhenius equation

• Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction 

  activation energy, most probable kinetic energy, Effect of Catalyst

• Rate of reaction (average and instantaneous)
• factors affecting rate of reaction concentration, temperature, catalyst;
• order and molecularity of a reaction;
• rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions);
• concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
• Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

• General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 
  • Principles and Methods of Extraction - Concentration 

    concentration

• Oxidation Reduction 
• Refining 

  Principles and methods of extraction - Refining

  (a) Distillation (b) Liquation(c) Electrolysis (d) Zone refining(e) Vapour phase refining (f) Chromatographic methods

• Occurrence of Metals 
  • occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron
  • Mineral and ore
• Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy 
• Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy 

• Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining;
• occurrence and principle of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

• Chemical Kinetics 
• Rate of Reactions 
  • Average rate of chemical reaction
  • Instantaneous rate of
• Rate of Reaction and Reactant Concentration 
  • Rate law
  • Writing the rate law
  • Order of the reaction
• Molecularity of Elementary Reactions 
  • Elementary reaction
  • Molecularity of reaction
  • Order and molecularity of elementary reactions
  • Rate determining step
• Integrated Rate Law 
  • Integrated rate law for the first order reactions in solution
  • Units of rate constant for the first order reaction
  • Half life of the first order reactions (t_1/2)
  • Half life and rate constant of the first order reaction
  • Graphical representation of the first order reactions
  • Examples of first order reactions
  • Integrated rate law for gas phase f reactions
  • Zero order reactions
  • Pseudo-first order reactions
• Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions 
  • Collision between reactant molecules
  • Activation
  • Orientation of reactant molecules
  • Potential energy barrier
• Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates 
  • Arrhenius equation
  • Graphical determination of activation energy
  • Determination of activation energy
  • Graphical description of effect of temperature
• Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction 

• Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 
• Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18 
• Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18 
  • Atomic properties of Group 16, 17 and 18 elements
  • Physical properties of group 16, 17 and 18 elements
• P - Block Group 16 Elements 
  • Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen 
• P - Block Group 17 Elements 
  • Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine 
  • Chlorine 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

• Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 
  • Oxidation state
  • Chemical Reactivity towards hydrogen
  • Reactivity towards oxygen
  • Reactivity towards halogens
  • Reactivity towards metals
  • Allotropes of sulfur
• Oxoacids 
  • Oxoacids of sulfur
  • Oxoacids of halogens
• Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen 
  • Dioxygen
  • Simple Oxides
  • Ozone
• P - Block Group 18 Elements 
  • Concept of Group 18 Elements 

    Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Ionisation Enthalpy, Atomic Radii, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Xenon-fluorine compounds and Xenon-oxygen compounds)

• Transition and Inner Transition Elements 
• Position in the Periodic Table of Transition and Inner Transition Elements 
• Electronic Configuration of Transition and Inner Transition Elements 
  • Electronic configuration of chromium and copper
• Oxidation States of First Transition Series 
• Physical Properties of First Transition Series 
• Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series 
  • Atomic and ionic radii
  • Ionisation Enthalpy
  • Metallic character
  • Magnetic Properties
  • Colour
  • Catalytic Properties
  • Formation of interstitial compounds
• Preparation of Potassium Permanganate 
• Chemical Properties of KMnO4 
• Uses of KMnO4 
• K2Cr2O7: Preparation of Potassium Dichromate 
• Chemical Properties of K2Cr2O7 
• Common Properties of d Block Elements 
• Extraction of Metals 
  • Metallurgy
  • Extraction of Iron from Haematite ore using Blast furnace
• Inner Transition (f-block) Elements: Lanthanoids and Actinoids 
• Properties of f-block Elements 
• Properties of Lanthanoids 
  • Electronic configuration
  • Oxidation state
  • Colour and Spectra
  • Atomic and ionic radii (Lanthanoid Contraction)
• Applications of Lanthanoids 
• F-block Elements 
  • The Actinoids 

    Electronic Configurations, Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids

• Properties of Actinoids 
• Applications of Actinoids 
• Postactinoid Elements 

• Coordination Compounds 
• Types of Ligands 
  • Monodentate ligands
  • Polydentate ligands
  • Ambidentate ligand
• Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry 
  • Coordination sphere
  • Charge number of complex ion and oxidation state of metal ion
  • Coordination number (C.N.) of central metal ion
  • Double salt and coordination complex
  • Werner theory of coordination complexes
• Classification of Complexes 
  • Classification on the basis of types of ligands
  • Classification on the basis of charge on the complex
• IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds 
• Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule 
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 
  • Stereoisomers
  • Structural isomers (Constitutional isomers)
  • Optical Isomerism
• Stability of the Coordination Compounds 
  • Factors which govern the stability of the complex
• Theories of Bonding in Complexes 
  • Valence bond theory (VBT)
  • Octahedral, complexes
  • Tetrahedral complex
  • Square planar complex
  • Limitations of VBT
  • Crystal Field theory (CFT)
  • Factors affecting Crystal Field Splitting parameter (Δ₀)
  • Colour of the octahedral complexes
  • Tetrahedral complexes
• Applications of Coordination Compounds 

• Coordination Compounds 
  • Introduction 
  • Importance of Coordination Compounds 

    in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems

  • Importance of Coordination Compounds 

    in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems

• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities 
• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds 
• Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds 

  Coordination entity, Central atom/ion, Ligands, Coordination number, Coordination sphere, Coordination polyhedron, Oxidation number of central atom, Homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes

• Bonding in Coordination Compounds 
  • Colour in Coordination Compounds 
  • Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds 
  • Valence Bond Theory (VBT) 

    Theory and Limitations of Valence Bond Theory

  • Crystal Field Theory (CFT) 
    • Crystal field splitting in octahedral coordination entities
    • Crystal field splitting in tetrahedral coordination entities
    • Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
• Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction 
• Werner’S Theory of Coordination Compounds 
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 
  • Stereoisomerism 

    Geometric Isomerism, Optical Isomerism

  • Structural Isomerism 

    Linkage Isomerism, Coordination Isomerism, Ionisation Isomerism, Solvate Isomerism

Coordination compounds –

• Introduction
• ligands
• coordination number
• colour
• magnetic properties and shapes
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• bonding
• Werner’s theory
• VBT
• CFT
• isomerism
• (structural and stereo) importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems)

• Classification of Halogen Derivatives 
  • Classification of mono halogen compounds
• Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives 
• Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides 
  • From alcohol
  • From hydrocarbon
  • Halogen exchange
  • Electrophilic substitution
  • Sandmeyer's reaction
• Physical Properties 
  • Nature of intermolecular forces
  • Boiling point
  • Solubility
• Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives 
  • Chiral atom and molecular chirality
  • Plane polarized light
  • Optical activity
  • Enantiomers
  • Representation of configuration of molecules
• Preparation, Properties and Uses of Propane-1, 2, 3 Triol 
  • Chemical Properties 
    • Propane – 1, 2, 3-triol
    • Laboratory test of haloalkanes
    • Nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloalkanes
    • Mechanism of S_N reaction
    • Factors influencing S_N¹ and S_N² mechanism
    • Elimination reaction : Dehydrohalogenation
• Reaction with Active Metals 
  • Reaction of haloarenes
• Uses and Environmental Effects of Some Polyhalogen Compounds 
  • Dichloromethane/methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂)
  • Chloroform/trichloromethane (CHCl₃)
  • Carbon tetrachloride/tetrachloromethane (CCl₄)
  • Idoform or triiodomethane (CHI₃)
  • Freons
  • Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
• Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 
  • Nomenclature 
• Chemical Reactions of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 
  • Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions 

• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 
  • Nomenclature 
• Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 
  • Mono, di, tri and polyhydric compounds
  • Classification of Ethers
• Alcohols and Phenols 
  • Preparation of alcohols
  • Preparation of phenol
  • Physical Properties of alcohols and phenols
  • Chemical properties of Alcohols and Phenols
• Ethers 
  • Preparation of ethers
  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties of ethers
• Uses of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 

• Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
• Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
  • Classification of aldehydes
  • Classification of ketones
  • Classification of carboxylic acids
• Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
  • Nomenclature of aldehydes and carboxylic acid
  • Trivial and IUPAC names of ketones
• Aldehydes and Ketones 
  • Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones 
    • By oxidation of alcohols, By dehydrogenation of alcohols and From hydrocarbons
    • General methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones
    • Other methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones
    • Preparation of aldehydes only from esters
  • Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to A-hydrogen 

    Acidity of α-hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones, Aldol condensation, Cross aldol condensation

• Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 
  • From nitriles and amides
  • From acyl chloride and anhydrides
  • From esters
  • From alkyl benzene
  • From alkenes
  • From Grignard reagent
• Physical Properties 
  • Nature of intermolecular forces
  • Physical state and boiling points of aldehydes and ketones
  • Solubility of aldehydes and ketones
  • Physical state, boiling points and solubilities of carboxylic acids
• Polarity of Carbonyl Group 
  • Reactivity of aldehydes and ketones
• Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 
  • Laboratory tests for aldehydes and ketones
  • Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones with nucleophile
  • Oxidation and reduction reactions of aldehydes and ketones
  • Electrophilic substitution reactions
• Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 
  • Acidic character of carboxylic acids
  • Laboratory tests for carboxyl (-COOH) group
  • Formation of acyl chloride
  • Reaction with ammonia
  • Formation of acid anhydride
  • Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids
  • Reduction of carboxylic acids

• Classification of Amines 
  • Nomenclature 
  • Structure of amines
  • General methods of preparation Amines
  • Properties of amines 
  • Chemical properties 
  • Chemical properties of amines
• Nomenclature of Amines 
  • Common names
  • IUPAC names
• Amines 
  • Preparation of Amines 

    Preparation of Amines - by reduction of nitro compounds, by ammonolysis of alkyl halides, by reduction of nitriles, by reduction of amides, by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and by Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction

    • By ammonolysis of alkyl halides
    • Reduction of nitrocompounds
    • Reduction of alkyl cyanide (alkanenitriles)
    • By reduction of amides
    • Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
    • By Hofmann degradation (Hofmann rearrangement / Hofmann bromamide
      degradation / Hofmann hypobromite degradation)
• Physical Properties of Amines 
  • Intermolecular forces, boiling points and solubility
• Basicity of Amines 
  • Basic strength of aliphatic amines
  • Basicity of arylamines
• Chemical Properties of Amines 
• Reactions of Arene Diazonium Salts 
  • Reactions involving displacement of diazo group
  • Reactions involving retention of diazo group: (Coupling reactions)
• Reaction with Arenesulfonyl Chloride 
• Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Aromatic Amines 

• Principal Molecules of the Living World 
• Carbohydrates 
  • Monosaccharides – The Simple Sugars
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
  • Starch
  • Test for Starch
  • Celluloses
  • Chitin
  • Test for Reducing Sugars
  • Configuration of carbohydrates
  • Classification of carbohydrates
  • Glucose 
  • Fructose 
  • Importance of carbohydrates
• Proteins 
  • α-Amino acids
  • Peptide bond and protein
  • Types of proteins
  • Structure of proteins
  • Denaturation of proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Classification of a-amino acids 
  • Properties of amino acid 
  • Peptide bond formation 
  • Importance of proteins 
  • Mechanism of enzyme action
• Nucleic Acids 
  • Nucleotides
  • Structure of nucleic acids
  • DNA double helix

• Introduction of Polymers 
  • Classification of Polymers
  • Types of polymerisation
  • Preparation of some important addition polymers 
  • Co-polymers
  • Natural and Synthetic rubbers
  • Biodegradable Polymers
• Polymers 
  • Classification of Polymers Based on Source 

    Natural polymers, Semi-synthetic polymers, Synthetic polymers

  • Some Important Polymers 
    • Rubber
    • Polythene
    • Teflon
    • Polyacrylonitrile
    • Polyamide polymers
    • Polyesters
    • Phenol - formaldehyde and related polymers
    • Buna-S rubber
    • Neoprene
    • Viscose rayon
  • Nylon 6 
  • Nylon 66 
  • Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) 
  • Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile 
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation Or Chain Growth Polymerisation 

  Free radical mechanism, Preparation of some important addition polymers - Polythene(Low density and High density polythene), Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) and Polyacrylonitrile

• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation 
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation 

  Polyamides (Preparation of nylons - Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6), Polyesters, Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers) and Melamine – formaldehyde polymer

• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber 

  Natural rubber (Vulcanisation of rubber), Synthetic rubbers (Preparation of Synthetic Rubbers - Neoprene, Buna – N)

• Biodegradable Polymers 

  Poly β-hydroxybutyrate – co-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV), Nylon 2–nylon 6

Classification -

• natural and synthetic,
• methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
• copolymerization
• Some important polymers
• natural and synthetic like polythene
• nylon
• polyesters
• bakelite
• rubber
• Biodegradable and non biodegradable polymers.

• Introduction to Polymer Chemistry 
• Classification of Polymers 
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of source or origin
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of structure
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of mode of polymerization
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of intermolecular forces
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of type of different monomers
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of biodegradability
• Polymers 
  • Some Important Polymers 
    • Rubber
    • Polythene
    • Teflon
    • Polyacrylonitrile
    • Polyamide polymers
    • Polyesters
    • Phenol - formaldehyde and related polymers
    • Buna-S rubber
    • Neoprene
    • Viscose rayon
  • Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) 
• Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers 
• Biodegradable Polymers 

  Poly β-hydroxybutyrate – co-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV), Nylon 2–nylon 6

• Commercially Important Polymers 

• Chemistry in Everyday Life 

Chemicals in medicines : analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines elementary idea of antioxidants 2. Chemicals in food : Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents. 3. Cleansing agents : Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

• Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 
• Concept of Sustainable Development 
  • Meaning
  • Definitions
  • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Principles of Green Chemistry 
• The Role of Green Chemistry 
• Introduction to Nanochemistry 
• Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles 
  • Colour
  • Surface area
  • Catalytic activity
  • Thermal properties: melting point
  • Mechanical properties
  • Electrical conductivity
• Synthesis of Nanomaterials 
  • Wet chemical synthesis of Nanomaterials
  • Analysis or characterization of nanomaterials
  • Photographs of instruments
• History of Nanotechnology 
• Applications of Nanomaterials 
• Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology