Chemistry 12th Board Exam HSC Science (Computer Science) Maharashtra State Board Topics and Syllabus

• Solid State 
• Types of Solids 
  • Crystalline solids
  • Amorphous solids
  • Isomorphism and polymorphism 
• Classification of Crystalline Solids 
  • Classification of crystalline solids

  1. Molecular solids:
     a) Polar molecular solids
     b) Non-polar molecular solids
     c) Hydrogen-bonded molecular solids
  2. Ionic Solids
  3. Metallic solids
  4. Covalent or Network Solids

  • Structure and properties of diamond, graphite, and fullerene
• Crystal Structure 
  • Crystal, lattice and basis
  • Unit Cell
  • Types of unit cell
  • Crystal systems
• Cubic System 
  • Number of particles in cubic unit cells
  • Relationship between molar mass, density of the substance and unit cell edge length, is deduced in the following steps
• Packing of Particles in Crystal Lattice 
  • Close packed structures
  • Coordination number in close packed structure
  • Number of voids per atom in hcp and ccp
• Packing Efficiency 
• Crystal Defects or Imperfections 
• Electrical Properties of Solids 
  • Band theory
  • Metals
  • Insulators
  • Semiconductors
  • Extrinsic semiconductors and doping
• Magnetic Properties of Solids 
  • Diamagnetic solids
  • Paramagnetic solids
  • Ferromagnetism

• Introduction to Solid State 
• Classification of Crystalline Solids 
  • Classification of crystalline solids

  1. Molecular solids:
     a) Polar molecular solids
     b) Non-polar molecular solids
     c) Hydrogen-bonded molecular solids
  2. Ionic Solids
  3. Metallic solids
  4. Covalent or Network Solids

  • Structure and properties of diamond, graphite, and fullerene
• Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 
  • Classification of solids

  1. Crystalline solids
  2. Amorphous solids

  • The distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
  • Isomorphous solids and polymorphous solids
• Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells 
  • Unit cell
  • Crystal lattice or space lattice
  • Two-dimensional lattice and unit cell
  • Three-dimensional lattice and unit cell
• Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions 
  • Calculation of density of unit cell
• Close Packed Structures of Solids 
  • Packing in solids
  • Close Packing in One Dimension
    1) Coordination number
  • Close Packing in Two Dimensions
    1) Square close packing in two dimensions
    2) Hexagonal close packing of spheres in two dimensions
  • Close Packing in Three Dimensions
  • Three-dimensional close-packed structure

  • Stage I - Linear packing in one dimension
  • Stage II - Planar packing in two dimensions
    1) AAAA type, square close-packed structure
    2) ABAB type, hexagonal close-packed structure
  • Stage III - Close packing in three dimensions
    1) AAAA type, simple cubic structure
    2) ABAB type, hexagonal close-packed structure
    3) ABCABC type, cubic close-packed structure

  • Number of voids per atom in hcp and ccp structures
  • Locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids: locating tetrahedral voids, Locating octahedral voids
• Packing Efficiency 
  • Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures 
• Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled 
• Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell 
  • Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
  • Body-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
  • Face-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
• Imperfections in Solids - Introduction 

  point defects and line defects

• Magnetic Properties 
  • Magnetic properties:

  1. Magnetising field
  2. Magnetic permeability
  3. Intensity of magnetisation
  4. Magnetic induction or total magnetic field
  5. Magnetic susceptibility

  • Substances can be classified into five categories:

  1. Paramagnetic
  2. Diamagnetic
  3. Ferromagnetic
  4. Antiferromagnetic
  5. Ferrimagnetic
• Solid State 
  • Band Theory of Metals 
• Electrical Properties - Introduction 
• Electrical Properties 
  • Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors 

• Classification of solids based on different forces;
• molecular ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors and semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.

• Solutions 
  • Introduction
• Types of Solutions 
  1. Gaseous Solutions
  2. Liquid Solutions
  3. Solid Solutions
• Capacity of Solution to Dissolve Solute 
• Solubility 
  • Factors affecting solubility

  1. Nature of solute and solvent
  2. Effect of temperature on solubility
  3. Effect of pressure on solubility
• Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Liquids in Liquids 
  • Raoult’s law
  • Ideal and nonideal solutions
• Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 
• Vapour Pressure Lowering 
  • Raoult’s law for solutions of nonvolatile solutes
  • Relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • Molar mass of solute from vapour pressure lowering
• Relative Molecular Mass of Non-volatile Substances 
  • Boiling Point Elevation 

    molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant

    • Boiling point elevation as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering
    • Boiling point elevation and concentration of solute
    • Molar mass of solute from boiling point elevation
  • Depression in Freezing Point 
    • Freezing point depression as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering
    • Freezing point depression and concentration of solute
    • Molar mass of solute from freezing point depression
• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 
  • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 
    • Osmosis
    • Semi-permeable membrane
    • Osmotic pressure
    • Types of Solution: Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
    • Osmotic pressure and concentration of the solution
    • Laws of Osmotic pressure

    1. van't Hoff - Boyle's law
    2. van't Hoff- Charles' law
    3. van't Hoff general solution equation
    4. van't Hoff-Avogadro's law

    • Determination of molar mass from osmotic pressure
• Colligative Properties of Electrolytes 
  •  van’t Hoff factor(i)
  • Modification of expressions of colligative properties
  • van’t Hoff factor and degree of dissociation

• Types of Solutions 
  1. Gaseous Solutions
  2. Liquid Solutions
  3. Solid Solutions
• Expressing Concentration of Solutions 
  • Mass percentage (w/w), Volume percentage (V/V), Mass by volume percentage (w/V), Parts per million, Mole fraction, Molarity, Molality.
  • Standard solutions and working standards
  • Advantages of using standard solutions
• Solubility 
  • Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid 
    • Factors affecting the solubility of gases in liquids
      1) Nature of gas (solute) and liquid (solvent)
      2) Effect of temperature
      3) Effect of pressure
    • Limitations of Henry's law
    • Applications of Henry's law
      1) In the production of carbonated beverages
      2) In scuba diving (deep-sea diving)
      3) At high altitudes
  • Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 
    • Effect of temperature
    • Effect of pressure
• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction 
• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 
  • Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure 
    • Relative lowering of vapour pressure
    • Determination of molar mass of solute from relative lowering of vapour pressure
  • Depression of Freezing Point 
    • Freezing point
    • Depression of freezing point
    • Determination of molar mass of solute from depression of freezing point
  • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 
    • Osmosis
    • Semi-permeable membrane
    • Osmotic pressure
    • Types of Solution: Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
    • Osmotic pressure and concentration of the solution
    • Laws of Osmotic pressure

    1. van't Hoff - Boyle's law
    2. van't Hoff- Charles' law
    3. van't Hoff general solution equation
    4. van't Hoff-Avogadro's law

    • Determination of molar mass from osmotic pressure
  • Elevation of Boiling Point 
    • Boiling point
    • Elevation of boiling point
    • Determination of molar mass of solute from elevation of boiling point
• Abnormal Molar Masses 
  • Abnormal molecular masses
    a) Association of solute particles
    b) Dissociation of solute particles
  • Van't Hoff Factor
  • Significance of van't Hoff factor
    a) Degree of dissociation
    b) Degree of association

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties –relative lowering 161 of vapor pressure,Raoult’s law elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.
• Van’t Hoff factor and calculations involving it

• Ionic Equilibria 
• Types of Electrolyte 
  • Strong electrolyte
  • Weak electrolyte
  • Degree of dissociation (∝)
• Acids and Bases 
  • Arrhenius theory of acids and bases
  • Bronsted - Lowry theory 
  • Lewis theory
• Ionisation of Acids and Bases 
  • Dissociation constant of weak acids and weak bases
  • Ostwald's dilution law
• Autoionization of Water 
• The pH Scale 
  • pH of a solution
  • pH scale
  • Relationship between pH and pOH
  • Approximate pH values of some substances
  • Acidity, basicity, and neutrality of aqueous solutions
  • pK value
  • Measurement of pH of a solution
  • Indicators
  • Titration curves
• Hydrolysis of Salts 
  • Salts of strong acids and strong bases
  • Salts of strong acids and weak bases
  • Salts of weak acids and strong bases
  • Salts of weak acids and weak bases
• Buffer Solutions 
  • Types of buffer solutions
  • Buffer action
  • Buffer capacity and buffer index
  • Henderson - Hasselbalch equation
  • Properties of buffer solution
  • Applications of buffer solution

  1. In biochemical system
  2. Agriculture
  3. Industry
  4. Medicine
  5. Analytical chemistry
• Solubility Product 
  • Solubility product 
    • Solubility equilibria
    • Relationship between solubility and solubility product
    • Condition of precipitation
    • Determination of solubility product from molar solubility 
• Common Ion Effect 

  Common ion effect and solubility

• Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic 
  • Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic 
  • Concepts of System 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • Types of Systems 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • Surroundings 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • Work, Heat, Energy, Extensive and Intensive Properties 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • State Functions 

    Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetic

  • First Law of Thermodynamics 
  • Internal Energy and Enthalpy 
  • Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation 
    • Hess's law
    • Experimental verification of Hess's law
    • Applications of Hess's law
    • Born-Haber cycle and Hess's law
  • Enthalpy of Bond Dissociation 
  • Combustion, Formation, Atomization, Sublimation 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Phase Transition 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Ionization and Solution 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Dilution Introduction of Entropy as a State Function 
  • Free Energy Change for Spontaneous and Non Spontaneous Processes 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Equilibrium Constant 

    Thermodynamics 

  • Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics 

• Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings.
• Work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions.
• First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, Hess’ law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation. Phase transition, ionization and solution and dilution Introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and non spontaneous processes, and equilibrium constant.
• Second and third law of thermodynamics

• Electrochemical Cells 
  • Electrochemical reactions
  • Electrodes
  • Types of electrochemical cells

  1. Galvanic cell
  2. Electrolytic cells
• Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction 
  • Conductors
  • Difference between Electronic and Electrolytic conduction
  • Non-electrolytes
  • Factors affecting electronic or metallic conduction
  • Factors affecting electrical conductivity of electrolytic solutions
  • Electrolytic conduction (Conductance in electrolytic solutions)
• Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 
  • Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration 
    • Variation of conductivity with concentration
    • Molar conductivity
    • Limiting molar conductivity 
    • Variation of molar conductivity for strong electrolytes
    • Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions
    • Variation of molar conductivity for weak electrolytes
    • Applications of Kohlrausch's law
• Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction 
  • Electrolytic cells
  • Process of electrolysis
  • Preferential Discharge Theory
  • Some Examples of Electrolysis
  • Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
  • Faraday's laws of electrolysis
    1) Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis
    2) Faraday's Second Law of Electrolysis
• Batteries 
  • Primary Batteries 
    • Dry cell
    • Mercury cell
  • fuel cell 

    structure, reactions and uses

• Electrochemistry 
  • Lead Accumulator 
• Galvanic or Voltaic Cells - Introduction 
  • Galvanic or Voltaic cells

  • Reduction half-cell
  • Oxidation half-cell
  • Joining half-cells
  • Anodic oxidation
  • Cathodic reduction
  • Completion of circuit
  • Consumption of Electrodes

  • Salt bridge
  • Cell notation or representation of a galvanic cell
  • Cell electromotive force (e.m.f.)
• Nernst Equation - Introduction 
  • Derivation of Nernst equation
  • Applications of Nernst equation
• Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell 
  • Gibbs energy change and e.m.f. of a cell
  • Standard cell potential and equilibrium constant
• Concept of Corrosion 
  • Factors Affecting Corrosion 
• Redox Reaction 
  • Redox reactions
  • Half reactions

• Redox reactions
• conductance in electrolytic solutions
• specific and molar conductivity
• variations of conductivity with concentration
• Kohlrausch’s Law
• electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea)
• dry cell –electrolytic and galvanic cells;
• lead accumulator
• EMF of a cell
• standard electrode potential
• Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
• fuel cells
• corrosion.
• Relation between Gibb’s energy change and emf of a cell.

• Chemical Thermodynamics 
• Terms Used in Thermodynamics 
  • System and surrounding
  • Types of system
  • Properties of system
  • State functions
  • Path Functions
  • Thermodynamic equilibrium
  • Process and its types
• Nature of Heat and Work 
  • Nature of work (W)
  • Nature of heat (Q)
  • Sign conventions of W and Q
• Expression for Pressure-volume (PV) Work 
  • Free expansion
  • Units of energy and work
• Concept of Maximum Work 

  Expression for the maximum work

• Internal Energy (U) 
• First Law of Thermodynamics 
  • First law of thermodynamics
  • Formulation of first law of thermodynamics
  • First law of thermodynamics for various processes

  1. Isothermal process
  2. Adiabatic process
  3. Isochoric process
  4. Isobaric process

  • Justification
  • Mathematical expression
  • Some useful conclusions are drawn from the law
  • Limitations
  • Expressions for the work done by an ideal gas under different conditions
• Enthalpy (H) 
  • Enthalpy
  • Relationship between ∆H and ∆U for chemical reactions
  • Work done in chemical reaction
• Enthalpies of Physical Transformations 
  • Enthalpy of phase transition
  • Enthalpy for the atomic / molecular change
• Thermochemistry 
  • Enthalpy of chemical reaction (∆_rH)
  • Exothermic and endothermic reactions
  •  Standard enthalpy of reaction(∆_rH⁰)
  • Thermochemical equation 
  • Standard enthalpy of formation (∆_fH⁰)
  • Standard enthalpy of reaction from standard enthalpies of formation
  • Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆_cH⁰)
  • Bond enthalpy
  • Hess’s law of constant heat summation
• Spontaneous (Irreversible) Process 
  • Energy and spontaneity
  • Entropy
  • Entropy and spontaneity (Second law of Thermodynamics)
  •  Second law of thermodynamics
  • Gibbs energy
  • Gibbs energy and spontaneity
  • Sponaneity and ∆H or ∆S
  • Temperature of equilibrium
  • Gibbs function and equilibrium constant

• Rate of a Chemical Reaction 
  • Average rate of a reaction
  • Units of rate of a reaction
  • Instantaneous rate
  • Stoichiometry and rate of a reaction
  • Rate law and rate constant
  • Differences between rate and rate constant of a reaction
• Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction 
  • Various factors influencing the rate of a chemical reaction

  1. Concentration of reactants
  2. Pressure of gaseous reactants
  3. Temperature of the system
  4. Presence of a catalyst

  • Dependence of Rate on Concentration, temperature, catalyst
  • Rate Expression and Rate Constant/ Rate law and Specific Rate Constant
  • Order of a Reaction
  • Molecularity of a Reaction
• Integrated Rate Equations 
  • Half-life of a Reaction 
    • Half-life of first-order reaction
• Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions 
  • Collision between reactant molecules
  • Energy requirement - Activation energy
  • Orientation of reactant molecules
• Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction 
  • Activation energy
  • Arrhenius equation
  • Most probable kinetic energy
  • Effect of Catalyst

• Rate of reaction (average and instantaneous)
• factors affecting rate of reaction concentration, temperature, catalyst;
• order and molecularity of a reaction;
• rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions);
• concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
• Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

• Electrochemistry 
• Electric Conduction 
  • Metallic conduction
  • Electrolytic or ionic conduction
  • Information provided by measurement of conductivities of solutions
• Electrical Conductance of Solution 
  •  Conductivity (k)
  • Molar conductivity (∧)
  • Relation between k and ∧
  • Variation of conductivity with concentration
  •  Variation of molar conductivity with concentration
  • Variation of molar conductivity with concentration
  • Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions
  • Molar conductivity and degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes
  • Measurement of conductivity
• Electrochemical Cells 
  • Electrochemical reactions
  • Electrodes
  • Types of electrochemical cells

  1. Galvanic cell
  2. Electrolytic cells
• Electrolytic Cell 
  • Electrolysis of molten NaCl
  • Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl
  • Quantitative aspects of electrolysis
• Galvanic or Voltaic Cell 
  • Salt bridge
  • Formulation or short notation of galvanic cells
  • Writing of cell reaction
• Electrode Potential and Cell Potential 
  • Electrode potential
  • Cell potential or e.m.f.
  • Difference between e.m.f. and potential difference
  • Standard electrode potential
  • Dependence of cell potential on concentration (Nernst equation)
• Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells 
  • Gibbs energy of cell reactions and cell potential
  •  Standard cell potential and equilibrium constant
• Reference Electrodes 
  •  Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
• Galvanic Cells Useful in Day-to-day Life 
  • Dry cell (Leclanche' cell)
  • Lead storage battery (Lead accumulator)
  • Nickel-Cadmium or NICAD storage cell
  • Mercury battery
• Fuel Cells 
  • Fuel cells
  • Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
  • Advantage and disadvantage of fuel cell
• Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series) 
  • Electrochemical series
  • Convention used in the construction of electrochemical series
  • Applications of electrochemical series

• General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 
  • Principles and Methods of Extraction - Concentration 
• Oxidation Reduction 
• Refining of Crude Metals 
  • Principles and methods of extraction - Refining

  1. Distillation
  2. Liquation 
  3. Electrolytic refining (electrolytic method)
  4. Zone refining
  5. Vapour phase refining
  6. Chromatographic methods
• Occurrence of Metals 
  • Occurrence of metals
  • Minerals and ores
• Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy 
  • Ellingham diagrams
  • Significance of Ellingham diagram
  • Limitations of Ellingham diagram
  • Selection of reducing agent
• Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy 
  • Aluminium - Hall-Heroult process
  • Copper from Low Grade Ores and Scraps

• Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining;
• occurrence and principle of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

• Chemical Kinetics 
• Rate of Reactions 
  • Average rate of chemical reaction
  • Instantaneous rate
• Rate of Reaction and Reactant Concentration 
  • Rate law
  • Writing the rate law
  • Order of the reaction
• Molecularity of Elementary Reactions 
  • Elementary reaction
  • Complex reactions
  • Molecularity of reaction
  • Order and molecularity of elementary reactions
  • Rate determining step
  • Reaction intermediate
  • Differences between order and molecularity
• Integrated Rate Law 
  • Integrated rate law for the first order reactions in solution
  • Units of rate constant for the first order reaction
  • Half life of the first order reactions (t_1/2)
  • Half life and rate constant of the first order reaction
  • Graphical representation of the first order reactions
  • Examples of first order reactions
  • Integrated rate law for gas phase f reactions
  • Zero order reactions
  • Pseudo-first order reactions
• Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions 
  • Collision between reactant molecules
  • Activation
  • Orientation of reactant molecules
  • Potential energy barrier
• Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates 
  • Arrhenius equation
  • Graphical determination of activation energy
  • Determination of activation energy
  • Graphical description of effect of temperature
• Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction 

• Occurrence of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 
• Electronic Configuration of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18 
• Atomic and Physical Properties of Elements of Group 16, 17 and 18 
  • Atomic properties of Group 16, 17 and 18 elements
  • Physical properties of group 16, 17 and 18 elements
• P - Block Group 16 Elements 
  • Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen 
• P - Block Group 17 Elements 
  • Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine 
  • Chlorine 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

• Chemical Properties of Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 
  • Oxidation state
  • Chemical Reactivity towards hydrogen
  • Reactivity towards oxygen
  • Reactivity towards halogens
  • Reactivity towards metals
• Oxoacids 
  • Oxoacids of sulfur
  • Oxoacids of halogens
• Oxygen and Compounds of Oxygen 
  • Dioxygen
  • Simple Oxides
  • Ozone
• P - Block Group 18 Elements 
  • Concept of Group 18 Elements 

    Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Ionisation Enthalpy, Atomic Radii, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Xenon-fluorine compounds and Xenon-oxygen compounds)

• Transition and Inner Transition Elements 
• Position in the Periodic Table of Transition and Inner Transition Elements 
• Electronic Configuration of Transition and Inner Transition Elements 
  • Electronic configuration of chromium and copper
• Oxidation States of First Transition Series 
• Physical Properties of First Transition Series 
• Trends in Atomic Properties of the First Transition Series 
  • Atomic and ionic radii 
  • Ionisation Enthalpy
  • Metallic character
  • Magnetic Properties
  • Colour
  • Catalytic Properties
  • Formation of interstitial compounds
  • Formation of Alloys
• Preparation of Potassium Permanganate 
• Chemical Properties of KMnO4 
• Uses of KMnO4 
• K2Cr2O7: Preparation of Potassium Dichromate 
• Chemical Properties of K2Cr2O7 
• Common Properties of d Block Elements 
• Extraction of Metals 
  • Metallurgy
  • Extraction of Iron from Haematite ore using Blast furnace
• Inner Transition (f-block) Elements: Lanthanoids and Actinoids 
• Properties of f-block Elements 
• Properties of Lanthanoids 
  • Electronic configuration
  • Oxidation state
  • Colour and Spectra
  • Atomic and ionic radii (Lanthanoid Contraction)
• Applications of Lanthanoids 
• F-block Elements 
  • The Actinoids 

    Electronic Configurations, Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids between lanthanoids and actinoids

• Properties of Actinoids 
• Applications of Actinoids 
• Postactinoid Elements 

• Coordination Compounds 
  • Introduction 
  • Importance of Coordination Compounds 

    in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems

  • Importance of Coordination Compounds 

    in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems

• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities 
• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds 
• Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds 

  Coordination entity, Central atom/ion, Ligands, Colour, Shapes, Coordination number, Coordination sphere, Coordination polyhedron, Oxidation number of central atom, Homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes, charge number

• Bonding in Coordination Compounds 
  • Colour in Coordination Compounds 
  • Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds 
  • Valence Bond Theory (VBT) 
    • Valence bond theory (VBT)
    • Salient features of valence bond theory
    • Coordination number and types of hybridisation
    • Steps used to understand metal-ligand bonding in coordination complex using valence bond theory
    • Structures of some complex compounds based on valence bond theory
    • Magnetic properties of coordination compounds based on Valence Bond Theory
    • Limitations of valence bond theory
  • Crystal Field Theory (CFT) 
    • Crystal field theory
    • Crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
    • Application of crystal field theory to octahedral complexes and tetrahedral complexes
    • Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
• Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction 
• Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds 
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 
  • Stereoisomerism 

    Geometric Isomerism, Optical Isomerism

  • Structural Isomerism 

    Linkage Isomerism, Coordination Isomerism, Ionisation Isomerism, Solvate Isomerism

Coordination compounds –

• Introduction
• ligands
• coordination number
• colour
• magnetic properties and shapes
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• bonding
• Werner’s theory
• VBT
• CFT
• isomerism
• (structural and stereo) importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems)

• Coordination Compounds 
• Types of Ligands 
  • Monodentate ligands
  • Polydentate ligands
  • Ambidentate ligand
• Terms Used in Coordination Chemistry 
  • Coordination sphere
  • Charge number of complex ion and oxidation state of metal ion
  • Coordination number (C.N.) of central metal ion
  • Double salt and coordination complex
  • Werner theory of coordination complexes
• Classification of Complexes 
  • Classification on the basis of types of ligands
  • Classification on the basis of charge on the complex
• IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds 
• Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule 
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 
  • Stereoisomers
  • Structural isomers (Constitutional isomers)
  • Optical Isomerism
• Stability of the Coordination Compounds 
  • Factors which govern the stability of the complex
• Theories of Bonding in Complexes 
  • Valence bond theory (VBT)
  • Octahedral, complexes
  • Tetrahedral complex
  • Square planar complex
  •  Limitations of VBT
  • Crystal Field theory (CFT)
  • Factors affecting Crystal Field Splitting parameter (∆₀)
  • Colour of the octahedral complexes
  • Tetrahedral complexes
• Applications of Coordination Compounds 

• Classification of Halogen Derivatives 
  • Classification of monohalogen compounds
• Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives 
• Methods of Preparation of Alkyl Halides 
  •  From alcohol
  • From hydrocarbon
  • Halogen exchange
  • Electrophilic substitution
  • Sandmeyer's reaction
• Physical Properties 
  • Nature of intermolecular forces
  • Boiling point
  • Solubility
• Optical Isomerism in Halogen Derivatives 
  • Chiral atom and molecular chirality
  • Plane polarized light
  • Optical activity
  • Enantiomers
  • Representation of configuration of molecules
• Chemical Properties 
  • Laboratory test of haloalkanes
  • Nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloalkanes
  • Mechanism of S_N reaction
  • Factors influencing S_N1 and S_N2 mechanism
  • Elimination reaction : Dehydrohalogenation
• Reaction with Active Metals 
  • Reaction of haloarenes
• Uses and Environmental Effects of Some Polyhalogen Compounds 
  • Dichloromethane/methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂)
  • Chloroform/trichloromethane (CHCl₃)
  • Carbon tetrachloride/tetrachloromethane (CCl₄)
  • Idoform or triiodomethane (CHI₃)
  • Freons
  • Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
• Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 
  • Nomenclature 
• Hydrocarbons: Alkanes 
  • Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions 

• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 
  • Nomenclature 
• Classification of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 
  • Mono, di, tri and polyhydric compounds
  • Classification of Ethers
• Alcohols and Phenols 
• Ethers 
• Uses of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 

• Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
• Classification of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
• Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
  • Nomenclature of aldehydes and carboxylic acid
  • Trivial and IUPAC names of ketones
• Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones 
  • Methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones

  1. By oxidation of alcohols
  2. By dehydrogenation of alcohols
  3. From hydrocarbons
     (i) By ozonolysis of alkenes
     (ii) By hydration of alkynes
• Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 
  • From nitriles and amides
  • From acyl chloride and anhydrides
  • From esters
  • From alkyl benzene
  • From alkenes
  • From Grignard reagent
• Physical Properties 
  • Nature of intermolecular forces
  • Physical state and boiling points of aldehydes and ketones
  • Solubility of aldehydes and ketones
  • Physical state, boiling points and solubilities of carboxylic acids
• Polarity of Carbonyl Group 
  • Reactivity of aldehydes and ketones
• Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 
  • Laboratory tests for aldehydes and ketones
  • Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones with nucleophile
  • Oxidation and reduction reactions of aldehydes and ketones
  • Electrophilic substitution reactions
• Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 
  • Acidic character of carboxylic acids
  • Laboratory tests for carboxyl (-COOH) group
  • Formation of acyl chloride
  • Reaction with ammonia
  • Formation of acid anhydride
  • Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids
  • Reduction of carboxylic acids
• Aldehydes and Ketones 
  • Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen 
    • Acidity of α-hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones
      (i) Aldol condensation 
      (ii) Cross aldol condensation

• Classification of Amines 
  • Classification of amines

  1. Aliphatic amines
  2. Aromatic amines
• Nomenclature of Amines 
  • Common names
  • IUPAC names
• Amines 
  • Preparation of Amines 
    • From alkyl halides (by ammonolysis/Hoffmann's ammonolysis method)
    • Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
    • From alkyl cyanides, amides, and nitro compounds
    • From amides (By Hoffmann bromamide degradation)
    • Additional methods for the preparation of amines
• Physical Properties of Amines 
• Basicity of Amines 
  • Basic strength of aliphatic amines
  • Basicity of arylamines
• Chemical Properties of Amines 
• Reactions of Arene Diazonium Salts 
  • Reactions involving displacement of diazo group
  • Reactions involving retention of diazo group: (Coupling reactions)
• Reaction with Arenesulfonyl Chloride 
• Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution in Aromatic Amines 

• Principal Molecules of the Living World 
• Biomolecules in the Cell 
  • Carbohydrates 
    • Types of Carbohydrates based on sugar unit

    1. Monosaccharides
    2. Oligosaccharides
       a. Disaccharides
       b. Trisaccharides
       c. Tetrasaccharides
    3. Polysaccharides 

    • Biological significance of Carbohydrates
    • Nomenclature of monosaccharides
    • Glucose
    • Structure and properties of glucose
    • Optical isomerism in glucose
    • Ring structure of glucose
    • Reducing nature of glucose
    • Representation of Fructose structure
  • Proteins 
    • Functions of proteins
  • Nucleic Acids 
    • Nucleotides
    • Structure of DNA
    • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
    • DNA double helix
    • Types of RNA molecules
    • Biological functions of nucleic acids

• Introduction to Polymer Chemistry 
• Classification of Polymers 
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of source or origin
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of structure
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of mode of polymerization
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of intermolecular forces
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of type of different monomers
  • Classification of polymers on the basis of biodegradability
• Polymers 
  • Some Important Polymers 
    • Rubber
    • Polythene
    • Teflon
    • Polyacrylonitrile
    • Polyamide polymers
    • Polyesters
    • Phenol - formaldehyde and related polymers
    • Buna-S rubber
    • Neoprene
    • Viscose rayon
  • Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) 
• Molecular Mass and Degree of Polymerization of Polymers 
• Biodegradable Polymers 
  • Poly β-hydroxybutyrate – co-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV)
  • Nylon 2– nylon 6
  • Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers
• Commercially Important Polymers 

• Introduction of Polymers 
• Polymers 
  • Classification of Polymers Based on Source 

    Natural polymers, Semi-synthetic polymers, Synthetic polymers

  • Some Important Polymers 
    • Rubber
    • Polythene
    • Teflon
    • Polyacrylonitrile
    • Polyamide polymers
    • Polyesters
    • Phenol - formaldehyde and related polymers
    • Buna-S rubber
    • Neoprene
    • Viscose rayon
  • Nylon 6 
  • Nylon 66 
  • Preparation of Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) 
  • Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile 
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation 
  • Mechanism of Addition Polymerisation
    1) Free radical mechanism
  • Some Important Addition Polymers
    (a) Polythene
    (i) Low density polythene
    (ii) High density polythene
    (b) Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon)
    (c) Polyacrylonitrile
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation 
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation 
  • Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation
  • Some Important Condensation Polymers
    (a) Polyamides: Nylons
    (i) Nylon 6, 6
    (ii) Nylon 6
    (b) Polyesters
    (c) Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers)
    (d) Melamine - formaldehyde polymer
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber 
  • Natural rubber (Vulcanisation of rubber),
  • Synthetic rubbers

  1. Buna-S rubber
  2. Buna-N rubber or nitrile rubber
  3. Neoprene rubber
• Biodegradable Polymers 
  • Poly β-hydroxybutyrate – co-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV)
  • Nylon 2– nylon 6
  • Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers

Classification -

• natural and synthetic,
• methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
• copolymerization
• Some important polymers
• natural and synthetic like polythene
• nylon
• polyesters
• bakelite
• rubber
• Biodegradable and non biodegradable polymers.

• Chemistry in Everyday Life 

Chemicals in medicines : analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines elementary idea of antioxidants 2. Chemicals in food : Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents. 3. Cleansing agents : Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

• Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 
• Concept of Sustainable Development 
  • Case Study - Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area
  • Measures for Promotion of Sustainable
    Development
• Principles of Green Chemistry 
  • Prevention of waste or by products
  • Atom economy
  • Less hazardous chemical synthesis
  • Desigining Safer Chemicals
  • Use Safer solvent and auxilaries
  • Design for energy efficiency
  • Use of renewable feedstocks
  • Reduce derivatives : [Minimization of steps]
  • Use of catalysis
  • Design for degradation
  • Real-time Analysis Pollution Prevention
  • Safer chemistry for Accident prevention
• The Role of Green Chemistry 
• Introduction to Nanochemistry 
• Characteristic Features of Nanoparticles 
  • Colour
  • Surface area
  • Catalytic activity
  • Mechanical properties
  • Electrical conductivity
• Synthesis of Nanomaterials 
  • Wet chemical synthesis of Nanomaterials
  • Analysis or characterization of nanomaterials
  • Photographs of instruments
• History of Nanotechnology 
• Applications of Nanomaterials 
• Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology