Biology 11th HSC Science (General) Maharashtra State Board Topics and Syllabus

• Taxonomy

• Artificial
• Natural
• Phylogenetic

• Domain Archaea
• Domain Bacteria
• Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

• Introduction-taxonomic category, taxonomic hierarchy
• Species
• Genus
• Family
• Order
• Class
• Phylum
• Kingdom

• Taxon

• Species
• Genus
• Family
• Cohort/Order
• Class 
• Division/Phylum
• Sub-kingdom
• Kingdom

• Vernacular/ Local names/ Common names
• Scientific Names
• The Binomial Nomenclature system follows certain rules

• Kingdom Monera - Archebacteria, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma
• Kingdom Protista - Plant like protista, Animal like Protista, Dinoflagellates, Fungi like protista, Euglenoids
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Fungi - Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes
• Kingdom Animalia

• Viruses - Types of viruses
• Viroids
• Lichens

• Salient features and classification of Plantae

• Division: Thallophyta
  1) Chlorophyceae (green algae)
  2) Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
  3) Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
• Bryophyta (Bryon: moss; phyton: plant) 
  1) Liverworts (Hepaticeae)
  2) Mosses (Musci)
• Pteridophyta (Pteron: feather, phyton: plant)

• Gymnospermae (Gymnos: naked, sperma: seed)
• Angiospermae (Angios: enclosed:  vessel, Sperma: seed)
• Angiosperms are subdivided into two classes: Dicotyledonae, Monocotyledonae

• Types of the life cycle - Diplontic, Haplontic, and Haplo-Diplontic.

• Cell aggregate plan
• Blind sac body plan
• Tube within the tube body plan

• Phylum: Porifera (Pori-pores; Feron-bearing)
• Phylum: Cnidaria
• Phylum: Ctenophora
• Phylum: Platyhelminthes (platy -flat, helminth -worms)
• Phylum: Aschelminthes (ascus-sac, helminth-worm) / Nemathelminthes (NEMA-thread)
• Phylum: Annelida (Annulus: Ring)  
• Phylum: Arthropoda (Atheros: Joint, Podos: leg)
• Phylum: Mollusca (Mollis: soft)
• Phylum: Echinodermata (Echinus - Spines, derma - skin)
• Phylum: Hemichordata (Hemi: Half, Chordata: Rod)
• Phylum: Chordata
  a) Subphylum: Urochordata or Tunicata
  b) Subphylum: Cephalochordata
  c) Subphylum: Vertebrata -
  1. Division: A Gnathostomata
  2. Division: Gnathostomata
  i) Superclass: Pisces
  - Class Chondrichthyes: (chondron: cartilage, ichthyes: fish)
  - Class: Osteichthyes (Osteon: bone, ichthyes: fish) 
  ii) Superclass: Tetrapod
  - Class: Amphibia (Amphi: both, bias: life)
  - Class: Reptilia (Repere: to creep or to crawl)
  - Class: Aves (Avis: bird)
  - Class: Mammalia (mammae: breasts, nipples)

• Totipotency

• Prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic Cells 
• Mesokaryotes Cells

Components of Eukaryotic cell:

1. Cell wall
2. Cell membrane / Plasma membrane/ biomembrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
5. Golgi complex
6. Lysosomes
7. Vacuoles
8. Glyoxysomes
9. Mitochondria (Singular: Mitochondrion)
10. Plastids
11. Ribosomes
12. Nucleus
13. Cytoskeleton

A. Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides - Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides - Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
• The biological significance of Carbohydrates

B. Lipids:

• Saturated fatty acids
• Unsaturated Fatty Acids - Simple Lipids, Compound lipids, Sterols

C. Proteins:

• Classification of proteins - Simple proteins, Conjugated proteins, Derived proteins

D. Nucleic Acids - Structure of DNA, Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

E. Enzymes

• Nature of Enzymes
• Properties of Enzymes - Proteinaceous Nature, Three-Dimensional conformation, Reversibility of action, Nomenclature of Enzymes, 
• Classification of Enzymes - Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases, Ligases, or Synthetases, Mechanism of enzyme action
• Lock and Key model
• Induced Fit model (Flexible Model)
• Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity - Concentration of Substrate, Enzyme Concentration, Temperature, Effect of pH, Other Substances
• Concept of Metabolism - Catabolic pathways, Anabolic pathway
• Metabolic pool
• Secondary metabolites (SMs)
  1. Terpenes
  2. Phenolics
  3. Nitrogen-containing compounds
• Economic importance

• Amitosis (Direct Cell Division)
• Mitosis
• Closed and Open Mitosis
• Cytokinesis
• Significance of Mitosis
• Meiosis

• Meiosis I-Reduction Division

• Significance of Meiosis

• Interphase
• G₁-phase
• G₀ Phase
• S-phase
• G₂ phase
• M-phase or period of division
• Duration of Cell Cycle

• Amitosis
• Mitosis
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase

• Cytokinesis
• Significance of mitosis
• Death of cell

• Meiosis
  A. First meiotic division or Heterotypic division (Meiosis I)

• Prophase -I - Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis
• Metaphase - I
• Anaphase - I
• Telophase - I
• Cytokinesis-I
  B. Second meiotic division or Homotypic Division (Meiosis II)
• Prophase-II
• Metaphase-II
• Anaphase-II
• Telophase-II
• Cytokinesis-II
• Significance of Meiosis

A. Characteristics and classification of Meristem

1. Origin

2. Position

3. Function

A. Simple permanent tissues - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

B. Complex permanent tissues - Xylem, Phloem

1. Epidermal tissue system
2. Ground tissue system
3. Vascular tissue system

• Introduction to Tissue System, Types and Characteristics of tissue System

• Formation of cambial ring
• Secondary growth in roots

1. Anatomy of Dicot Root
2. Anatomy of monocot root
3. Anatomy of Dicot Stem (Sunflower)
4. Anatomy of Monocot Stem
5. Anatomy of Leaf
   V. S. of Typical dicot leaf - Upper epidermis, Mesophyll, Vascular system, Lower epidermis
6. Isobilateral Leaf - A typical monocot leaf

• Classification Upto Class, Characteristic Features and Examples
• flowers, dicotyledons, monocotyledons,double fertilisation

A. Root:

• Typical Root Structure
• Function of Root
• Types of Root -  Tap root, Adventitious roots,
• Modification of root - Modifications of tap root, For Respiration
• Modifications of Adventitious Roots -
  a) Food storage
  b) For mechanical support
  1. Prop roots
  2. Stilt roots
  3. Climbing roots
  4. Clinging Roots
  5. Plank Roots/Buttresses
  6. Buoyont roots
  c) For special functions 
  1. Epiphytic roots
  2. Sucking roots or Haustoria

B. Stem:

• Modifications of stem
  a. Underground stem
  1. Rhizome
  2. Stem Tuber
  3. Bulb
  4. Corm
  b. Subaerial stem
  1. Trailer
  2. Runner 
  3. Stolons
  4. Sucker
  5. Offset
  c. Aerial modification
  1. Thorn
  2. Phylloclade
  3. Cladodes
  4. Cladophylls
  5. Bulbils
  

C. Leaf

1. Typical leaf structure
   Leaf base
   Petiole or mesopodium
   Lamina or epipodium
2. Leaf venation
3. Types of leaf
   a. Pinnately compound
   b. Palmately compound
4. Modification of leaves
   a. Leaf spines
   b. Leaf tendril
   c. Leaf hooks
   d. Phyllode
5. Phyllotaxy

D. Inflorescence

• Types of inflorescence - Racemose, Cymose
  

E. Flower 

1. Insertion of floral whorls - Hypogyny, Perigyny, Epigyny.
2. Floral parts and their structure
   1. Calyx (K) 
   2. Corolla (C) - Perianth (P), Aestivation, Epicalyx
   3. Androecium (A)
   Typical stamen shows three different parts: Anther, Filament, Connective
   4. Gynoecium (G)
   - Placentation
   - Types of Placentation: Marginal, Axile, Parietal, Basal, Free central.

F. Fruit

G. Seed

• Fabaceae 
• Solanaceae

1. Simple epithelial tissue
   1. Squamous epithelial tissue
   2. Cuboidal epithelial tissue
   3. Columnar epithelium
   4. Ciliated epithelium
   5. Glandular epithelium
   6. Sensory epithelial tissue
   7. Germinal epithelial tissue
2. Compound epithelial tissue
   a. Stratified epithelium
   b. Transitional epithelium

• Cell junctions 
  Types of Cell junction
  - Tight junctions (TJs)
  - Hemidesmosomes (HDs)
  - Gap Junctions (GJs)
  - Adherens Junctions (AJs)
  - Desmosomes (Ds)

1. Connective Tissue Proper
   1. Areolar tissue (Areola: air pockets)
   2. Adipose tissue (adipo: fat)
2. Dense Connective Tissue
3. Supporting Connective Tissue - Cartilage, Hyaline cartilage (Hyline: Glass-like), Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Calcified cartilage, Bone
4. Fluid Connective tissue (Vascular)

• Types of Muscular Tissue

• Skeletal muscles,
• Smooth or Non-striated muscles,
• Cardiac Muscles

• Nervous Tissue
• Based on their functions, Neurons are classified into three types - Afferent Neuron, Efferent Neuron, Interneuron or association neuron
• Based on the number of processes given out from cyton, neurons are classified into three types - Unipolar/Monopolar Neuron, Bipolar Neuron, Multipolar Neuron

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Genus
• Species

• Shape and size
• Coloration
• Exoskeleton
• Body Division
• Head
  1. Antennae
  2. Fenestrae
  3. Compound eyes
  4. Mouth parts
  i. Labrum (Upper lip) 
  ii. Mandibles (True jaws)
  iii. Maxillae (Accessory jaws)
  iv. Labium (lower lip)
  v. Hypopharynx (Tongue)
• Thorax
• Legs
• Wings
• Spiracles
• Abdomen

• Mouth
• Fore-gut (Stomodaeum)
• Mid-gut (Mesenteron)
• Hind-gut (Proctodaeum)
• Salivary Glands
• Food and digestion

1. Haemolymph
2. Haemocoel - Sinuses, Dorsal blood vessel, Blood circulation in cockroach.

• Spiracles
• Trachea
• Tracheole

• Malpighian Tubule
• Structure of kidney
• Structure of a nephron

1. A. Central Nervous System (CNS) 
2. B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
3. Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)
   1. Frontal ganglion
   2. Hypocerebral ganglion
   3. Ingluvial ganglion
   4. Ventricular ganglion

1. Male Reproductive System
2. Female Reproductive System
   Fertilization and formation of ootheca - Ootheca, Development of Eggs

• Control Measures
  1. Good Sanitation 
  2. Chemical control

• Two predominant types of chlorophylls

• Absorption and Action spectrum

• Reaction centre
• Photosystems I and II

1. Cyclic photophosphorylation
2. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
3. Bio energetics of light reaction
4. Chemiosmotic Theory

1. Carboxylation
2. Glycolytic Reversal
3. Regeneration of RuBP

1. External Factors 
   Light
   Carbon dioxide
   Temperature
   Water
2. Internal Factors
3. Blackman’s law of limiting factors
4. Significance

• Glycolysis
• Fermentation

• Conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl CoA
• Krebs Cycle ( TCA cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle)
• Amphibolic Pathway
• Electron Transport chain (Electron transfer system) - Significance of ETS

• Respiratory Quotient
• Significance of Respiration

• Alimentary canal

• Mouth
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Pharynx  
• Oesophagus  

• Stomach

• Cardia or Cardiac
• Fundus
• Body  
• Pylorus

• Small Intestine

• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

• Large Intestine

• Caecum
• Colon
• Rectum
• Anus

• Serosa
• Muscularis 
• Submucosa
• Mucosa

• Salivary glands
• Liver
• Pancreas

• Digestion in the buccal cavity
• Digestion in the stomach
• Digestion in the small intestine
• The action of pancreatic juice

• Absorption of nutrients in the alimentary canal
• Assimilation
• Egestion

• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
• Indigestion
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Jaundice
• Vomiting

• Ammonotelism 
• Ureotelism
• Uricotelism (C₅H₄O₃N₄)
• Two major types of nephridia - Protonephridia, Metanephridia.

• Kidney 
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
• Nephron - Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, Juxta Glomerular Apparatus

1. Ultrafiltration / Glomerular filtration
2. Selective reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion / Augmentation

• Angiotensin II has triple function

• Skin
• Sebaceous glands
• Lungs

1. Kidney stones - Calcium stones, Struvite stones, Uric acid stones, Cystine stones, Symptoms, Diagnosis.
2. Uremia
3. Nephriti
4. Renal Failure
   a. Acute Renal failure (ARF)
   b. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 
   Haemodialysis
   Peritoneal dialysis
5. Kidney transplant

• Movements
• Locomotion
  1. Amoeboid movement
  2. Ciliary movement
  3. Whorling movement 
  4. Muscular movement

• Some important antagonistic muscles

1. Flexor and Extensor
2. Abductor and Adductor 
3. Pronator and Supinator
4. Levator and Depressor
5. Protractor and Retractor 
6. Sphincters 

• Structure of myosin and actin filaments
  - Myosin filament
  - Actin filament
  i. F actin
  ii. Tropomyosin
  iii. Troponin

• Skeletal System and Its Functions

1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton

• Synarthroses
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphoses
  A. Cartilagenous or slightly movable joints - Synchondroses, Symphysis
  B. Synovial joints or freely movable joints - Pivot joint, Ball and socket joint, Hinge joint, Condyloid joint, Gliding joint, Saddle joint.

• Muscular dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis

• Arthritis 
  i) Osteoarthritis
  ii) Gouty arthritis (Gout)
  iii) Rheumotoid arthritis
• Osteoporosis