Physics Class 10 ICSE CISCE Topics and Syllabus

• Work, Energy, Power - Relation with Force 
• Different Forms of Energy 
• Definition of Work 

(iii)Work, energy, power and their relation with force.

Definition of work. W = FS cosθ; special cases of θ = 0°, 90°. W = mgh. Definition of energy, energy as work done. Various units of work and energy and their relation with SI units.[erg, calorie, kW h and eV]. Definition of Power, P=W/t; SI and cgs units; other units, kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW) and gigawatt (GW); and horse power (1hp=746W) [Simple numerical problems on work, power and energy].

(iv) Different types of energy (e.g. chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy).

Mechanical energy: potential energy U = mgh (derivation included) gravitational PE, examples; kinetic energy K= ½ mv² (derivation included); forms of kinetic energy: translational, rotational and vibrational - only simple examples. [Numerical problems on K and U only in case of translational motion]; qualitative discussions of electrical, chemical, heat, nuclear, light and sound energy, conversion from one form to another; common examples.

• Machines as Force Multipliers 
• Simple Machines 
• Lever 
• Concept of Pulley System 
  • single fixed, single movable, block and tackle; MA, VR and η in each case
• Principle of Conservation of Energy 
• Concept of Machines Numercials 

(v)Machines as force multipliers; load, effort, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency; simple treatment of levers, pulley systems showing the utility of each type of machine.

Functions and uses of simple machines: Terms- effort E, load L, mechanical advantage MA = L/E, velocity ratio VR = V_E/V_L = d_E / d_L, input (W_i), output (W_o), efficiency (η), relation between η and MA,VR (derivation included); for all practical machines η <1; MA < VR.

Lever: principle. First, second and third class of levers; examples: MA and VR in each case. Examples of each of these classes of levers as also found in the human body.

Pulley system: single fixed, single movable, block and tackle; MA, VR and η in each case.

(vi) Principle of Conservation of energy.

Statement of the principle of conservation of energy; theoretical verification that U + K = constant for a freely falling body. Application of this law to simple pendulum (qualitative only); [simple numerical problems].

• Centre of Gravity 
• Types of Motion Based on Speed 
• Force 
• Translational and Rotational Motions 
• Moment (Turning Effect) of a Force Or Torque 

(i) Turning forces concept; moment of a force; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity; [discussions using simple examples and simple numerical problems].

Elementary introduction of translational and rotational motions; moment (turning effect) of a force, also called torque and its cgs and SI units; common examples - door, steering wheel, bicycle pedal, etc.; clockwise and anti-clockwise moments; conditions for a body to be in equilibrium ( translational and rotational); principle of moment and its verification using a metre rule suspended by two spring balances with slotted weights hanging from it; simple numerical problems; Centre of gravity (qualitative only) with examples of some regular bodies and irregular lamina.

(ii) Uniform circular motion.

As an example of constant speed, though acceleration (force) is present. Differences between centrifugal and centripetal force.

• Refraction of Light 
  • Refraction of Light Through a Glass Block and a Triangular Prism 
• Total Internal Reflection 
  • Total Internal Reflection and Its Applications
  • Total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications - Mirage, Diamond, Prism, Optical fibres
• Total Internal Reflection 
• Atmospheric Refraction 
• Refraction of Light from a Plane Transparent Surface 

Refraction of light through a glass block and a triangular prism - qualitative treatment of simple applications such as real and apparent
depth of objects in water and apparent bending of sticks in water. Applications of refraction of light. Partial reflection and refraction due to change in medium. Laws of refraction; the effect on speed (V), wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) due to refraction of light; conditions for a light ray to pass undeviated. Values of speed of light (c) in vacuum, air, water and glass; refractive index µ = c/V, V = fλ. Values of µ for common substances such as water, glass and diamond; experimental verification; refraction through glass block; lateral displacement; multiple images in thick glass plate/mirror; refraction through a glass prism simple applications: real and apparent depth of objects in water; apparent bending of a stick under water. (Simple numerical problems and approximate ray diagrams required)

Total internal reflection: Critical angle; examples in triangular glass prisms; comparison with reflection from a plane mirror  (qualitative only). Applications of total internal reflection. Transmission of light from a denser medium (glass/water) to a rarer medium (air) at different angles of incidence; critical angle (C) µ = 1/sinC. Essential conditions for total internal reflection. Total internal reflection in a triangular glass prism; ray diagram, different cases - angles of prism (60º,60º,60º), (60º,30º,90º), (45º,45º,90º);
use of right angle prism to obtain θ = 90º and 180º (ray diagram); comparison of total internal reflection from a prism and reflection from a plane mirror

• Electromagnetic Spectrum 
  1. Radio waves
  2. Microwaves
  3. Infrared waves
  4. Visible light
  5. Ultraviolet rays
  6. X-rays
  7. Gamma Rays (γ-rays)
• Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight 
• Using a Triangular Prism to Produce a Visible Spectrum from White Light 

  Deviation produced by a triangular prism; dependence on colour (wavelength) of light; dispersion and spectrum

• Concept of Spectrum 

Using a triangular prism to produce a visible spectrum from white light; Electromagnetic spectrum. Scattering of light. Deviation produced by a triangular prism; dependence on colour (wavelength) of light; dispersion and spectrum; electromagnetic
spectrum: broad classification (names only arranged in order of increasing wavelength); properties common to all electromagnetic
radiations; properties and uses of infrared and ultraviolet radiation. Simple application of scattering of light e.g. blue colour of the
sky.

• Convex Lens 
• Concave Lens 
• Concept of Magnifying Glass 
  • location of images using ray diagrams
  • determining magnification
• Types of Lenses (Converging and Diverging), 
• Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 
  • Refraction by a Lens 
• Power of a Lens 
• Concept Refraction of Light Through a Lense 

Lenses (converging and diverging) including characteristics of the images formed (using ray diagrams only); magnifying glass;
location of images using ray diagrams and thereby determining magnification Types of lenses (converging and diverging),
convex and concave, action of a lens as a set of prisms; technical terms; centre of curvature, radii of curvature, principal axis,
foci, focal plane and focal length,; detailed study of refraction of light in spherical lenses through ray diagrams; formation of images - principal rays or construction rays; location of images from ray diagram for various positions of a small linear object on the
principal axis; characteristics of images. Sign convention and direct numerical problems using the lens formula are included.(derivation of formula not required) Scale drawing or graphical representation of ray diagrams not required. Power of a lens (concave and convex) – [simple direct numerical problems]: magnifying glass or simple microscope: location of image and magnification from
ray diagram only [formula and numerical problems not included]. Applications of lenses.

• Concept of Current Electricity Numericals 
• Ohm’s Law 
• Concepts of Emf 
• System of Resistors 
  • Resistances in Parallel 
  • Resistors in Series 
• Electric Potential Difference 
• Concepts of Pd (V), Current (I), Resistance (R) and Charge (Q). 
• Internal Resistance 
• Current Electricity 
• Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator 
• Electric Potential (Electrostatic Potential) and Potential Difference 

Ohm’s Law; concepts of emf, potential difference, resistance; resistances in series and parallel, internal resistance. Concepts of pd (V), current (I), resistance (R) and charge (Q). Ohm's law: statement V=IR; SI units; experimental verification; graph of V vs I and resistance from slope; ohmic and non-ohmic resistors, factors affecting resistance (including specific resistance) and internal resistance; super conductors, electromotive force (emf); combination of resistances in series and parallel and derivation of expressions for equivalent resistance. Simple numerical problems using the above relations. [Simple network of resistors].

• Concept of Electrical Power and Household Circuits Numericals 
• Household Circuits - Colour Coding of Wires 
• Household Circuits - Three-pin Plugs 
• Household Circuits - Safety Precautions 
• Earthing (Grounding) 
• Electric Fuse 
• Electric Switch 
• Household Circuits – Main Circuit 
• Electrical Energy and Power 
• Electric Power 
• Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator 
• Current Electricity 
• System of Resistors 
  • Resistors in Series 

Electrical energy; examples of heater, motor,lamp, loudspeaker, etc. Electrical power;measurement of electrical energy, W = QV = VIt from the definition of pd. Combining with ohm’s law W = VIt = I2 Rt = (V2 /R)t and electrical power P = (W/t) = VI = I²R = V²/R.
Units: SI and commercial; Power rating of common appliances, household consumption of electric energy; calculation of total energy consumed by electrical appliances;

W = Pt
(kilowatt × hour = kW h), [simple numerical problems]. 

Household circuits – main circuit; switches; fuses; earthing; safety precautions; three-pin plugs; colour coding of wires. House wiring (ring system), power distribution; main circuit (3 wires-live, neutral, earth) with fuse / MCB, main switch and its advantages - circuit diagram; two- way switch, staircase wiring, need for earthing, fuse, 3-pin plug and socket; Conventional location of live, neutral and earth points in 3 pin plugs and sockets. Safety precautions, colour coding of wires

• Electro Magnetism 
• Transformer 
• Electromagnetic Induction 
• Effects of Electric Current 
  • Magnetic Effect of Electric Current 
• Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field 
• Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator 
• Electromagnetic Induction 
• Lenz’S Law and Conservation of Energy 
  • Lenz's Law
• Eddy Currents 
  • Electromagnetic damping

Magnetic effect of a current (principles only,laws not required); electromagnetic induction (elementary); transformer.Oersted’s experiment on the magnetic effect of electric current; magnetic field (B) and field lines due to current in a straight wire (qualitative only), right hand thumb rule – magnetic field due to a current in a loop; Electromagnets: their uses; comparisons with a permanent magnet; Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, the DC electric motor- simple sketch of main parts (coil, magnet, split ring commutators and brushes); brief description and type of energy transfer(working not required): Simple introduction to electromagnetic induction; frequency of AC in house hold supplies , Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, AC Generator - Simple sketch of
main parts, brief description and type of energy transfer(working not required). Advantage of AC over DC. Transformer- its types, characteristics of primary and
secondary coils in each type (simple labelled diagram and its uses).