Commerce Class 12 ISC (Commerce) CISCE Topics and Syllabus

• Sources of Finance for Sole Trader 
• Sources of Finance for Partnership 
• Sources of Finance for Joint Stock Company 
• Sources of Finance for Financial Planning 
• Concept of Fixed and Working Capital 
  • Meaning and Features of Fixed and Working Capital
• Factors Affecting Fixed and Working Capital Requirements 
• Comparison Between Fixed and Working Capital 

Capital: Sources of finance for sole trader; partnership; Joint Stock Company; financial planning.

• Importance of finance for business. Sources of finance for different types of business firms. Meaning of financial planning. Factors affecting capital structure. Fixed capital - meaning, factors affecting fixed capital. Working capital – meaning, types; factors affecting working capital. Comparison between fixed and working capital.

• Types of Shares - Preference Shares Equity Shares 
  • preference shares
  • equity shares
• Finance for a Joint Stock Company - Bonus Shares 
• Finance for a Joint Stock Company - Rights Issue 
• Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) 
• Sweat Equity Shares 
• Retained Earnings 
  • Meaning of retained earnings
  • Merits and limitations of Retained Earnings
• Long-term Sources of Funds 
• Meaning and Concept of Debentures 
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Debentures 
• Distinction Between Shares and Debentures 
  • Ownership
  • Return
  • Repayment
  • Voting Rights
  • Security
  • Convertibility
• Loans from Commercial Banks and Financial Institutions 
  • Meaning and Features of Loans from commercial banks and Financial Institutions
• Loans from Commercial Banks and Financial Institutions - Advantages and Disadvantages 
• Different Types of Short Term Financial Assistance by Commercial Banks 
• Short-term Sources of Funds - Public Deposits 
• Short-term Sources of Funds - Trade Credit 
• Short-term Sources of Funds - Factoring 
• Inter Corporate Deposits and Installment Credit 
  • Meaning and Features of Inter corporate deposits and installment credit
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Sources of Funds 

(a) Different types of shares: equity, preference.

• Bonus shares, rights issue, ESOP, Sweat Equity Shares, Retained earnings. Long-term sources of funds.          
• Equity shares - features, advantages and disadvantages.                                                            
• Preference shares - features, types advantages and disadvantages; distinction between equity shares and preference shares.                                                                                                       
• Bonus and rights issue, ESOP and Sweat Equity Shares - meaning. Distinction between bonus shares and right shares. Retained earnings – meaning, merits and demerits.

(b) Loan capital: debentures.

• Debentures – meaning; kinds of debentures; advantages and disadvantages of debentures. Distinction between shares and debentures.

(c) Loans from commercial banks and Financial Institutions.

• Loans from commercial banks and Financial Institutions - meaning, advantages and disadvantages.

(d) Short-term sources of funds.

• Short-term sources of funds – different types of short term financial assistance by Commercial Banks; public deposits, trade credit, customer advances, factoring, Inter corporate deposits and installment credit. Meaning, advantages and disadvantages of various sources of funds.

• Concept of Online Services 
  • Meaning and Features of Online services
• Transfer of Funds Through Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) 
• Banking Services with Particular Reference - National Electronic Fund Transfer 
• Issue of Demand Drafts Online 
• Online Payments, E-banking 
  • Meaning and Features of Online payments, e-Banking
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Payments, E-banking 
• Mobile Banking 
  • SMS alerts
  • transfer of funds
  • making payments
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Banking 
• Debit Cards Vs Credit Cards, ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 
  • Meaning and Features of Debit Cards vs Credit Cards, ATM (Automated Teller Machine)
• Differences Between Debit Card and Credit Card 

• Online services- transfer of funds through Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT), issue of demand drafts online meaning and features.
• Online payments, e-Banking – meaning and features, advantages and disadvantages
• Mobile Banking - SMS alerts, transfer of funds, making payments - advantages and
  disadvantages.
• Debit Cards vs Credit Cards, ATM (Automated Teller Machine) – Meaning; Debit card and credit card: features and differences.

• Concept of Management 
  • Meaning and Features of Management
  • Body of Knowledge
  • Management Tools
  • Separate Discipline
  • Specialisation
  • Code of Conduct
  • Professional Association

Meaning, objectives and characteristics of management.                                                                                

• Meaning of Management: as an activity; as a group; as a discipline; as a process. Objectives and characteristics of management.

• Management as Science, Art and Profession 

Science, Art and Profession. Self explanatory.

• Importance of Management 

Self explanatory.

• Concept of Principles of Management 
  • Introduction
  • Meaning
  • Definition
  • Features
• Principles of Taylor’s Scientific Management 
• Fayol’s Principles of Management 
• Comparison of Taylor's and Fayol’s Principles. 

nature of principles; need for principles.

• Nature of principles of Management; need for principles of management; Taylor’s 5 scientific principles of Management; Fayol’s 14 principles of Management; Relevance of the principles of Management in today’s business scenario. Comparison of Taylor's and Fayol’s principles.

• Management Functions 
  • Planning - Concept and Importance of Planning
  • Controlling - Concept and Importance of Controlling
  • Coordination - Concept and Importance of Coordination
  • Directing - Concept and Importance of Directing
  • Organizing - Concept and Importance of Organizing
  • Staffing - Concept and Importance of Staffing
• Concept of Planning 
  • Meaning and features of Planning
  • Type of Plan
  • Importance of Planning
  • Economic Planning in India
  • Case for planning
  • Case against planning
  • Target Area Planning
  • Hill Area Development Programme
  • Drought Prone Area Programme
  • Case Study – Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur* Region
• Limitation of Planning 
• Objective of Single Use and Standing Plans 
• Strategy of Single Use and Standing Plans 
• Policy of Single Use and Standing Plans 
• Single Use and Standing Plans - Method Rule 
• Budget and Programme 
• Concept of Organising 
  • Meaning and Features of Organising
  • Organising Process
• Merits and Demerits of Organising 
• Structure of Organisation 
  • Concept of the Divisional Structure of Organisation
  • Concept of Functional Structure of Organisation
  • Formal and Informal Organisation
• Concept of Line 
• Concept of Line and Staff 
• Concept of Delegation 
• Comparison Between Delegation and Decentralization 
• Concept of Staffing 
• Importance of Staffing 
• Staffing - Recruitment Process 
• Staffing - Selection Process 
• Difference Between Selection and Recruitment 
• Concept of Training and Development 
  • Meaning and Features of Training and Development
• Types of Training 
  • Induction
  • Job
  • Remedial
  • Safety
  • Promotional
  • Refresher
• Methods of Training 
  • on the job
  • off the job
  • Induction training
  • vestibule training
  • apprenticeship training
  • internship training
  • Classroom training
  • Distinction between on the job and off the job training
• Concept of Directing 

  Meaning and Features of Directing

• Importance of Directing 
• Concept of Supervision 
  • Meaning and Features of Supervision
• Function of a Supervisor 
• Concept of Motivation 
  • Meaning and Features of Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 
  • Pyramid
  • Assumption
  • Criticism
• Concept of Leadership 

  Meaning and Features of Leadership

• Leadership - Qualities of a Good Leader 
• Concept of Communication 
  • Meaning and Features of Communication
• Barriers to Effective Communication 
• How to Overcome the Barriers 
• Concept of Controlling 
  • Meaning and Features of Controlling
• Importance of Controlling 
• Relationship Between Planning and Controlling 
• Management by Exception 
• Concept of Coordination 
  • Meaning and Features of Coordination
• Coordination as an Essence of Management 

Planning; Organising; Staffing; Directing; Controlling and Coordinating.

• (a) Planning:
  Meaning, steps, importance & limitation; Types of plans; Objectives, policy, procedures, method, role, budget, program – meaning, features and differences.
• (b) Organising:
  Meaning, importance, steps; Structure of organization (line, line and staff, functional and divisional; Formal and informal organization) – Meaning, features, merits, demerits and differences between line and line & staff, functional and divisional, formal and informal; Meaning and importance of delegation of authority; Decentralization v/s Centralization, comparison between delegation and decentralization.
• (c) Staffing:
  Meaning, steps and importance; Recruitment – Meaning and sources; Selection –Meaning and procedure; Training and development - Meaning and difference between selection and recruitment.
• (d) Directing:
  Meaning and importance; Supervision- Meaning, functions and span of control;
  Motivation - Meaning and Maslow’stheory;
  Leadership- Meaning and qualities of a good leader;
  Communication - Meaning, objectives and process. Barriers to communication and overcoming barriers to communication.
• (e) Controlling: Meaning, steps and importance; Relationship between Planning and Controlling; Management by Exception.
• (f) Coordination: Meaning of Coordination; Coordination as an essence of Management.

• Concept of Marketing 
  • Introduction
  • Meaning
  • Definition
  • Features of Marketing
• Marketing Functions 
• Comparison Between Marketing and Selling 
• Objectives and Importance of Marketing 
  • Objectives of Marketing
  • Importance of Marketing

  1. To the Society
  2. To the Individual Firms

• Meaning and types of markets; meaning and features of marketing. Marketing concepts: traditional v/s modern - meaning and features of traditional and modern concepts of marketing. Comparison between marketing and selling. Objectives and importance of
  marketing; functions of marketing – meaning, features of each function of marketing.

• Concept of Marketing Mix 
  • Product
  • Price
  • Place
  • Promotion
  • People
  • Process
  • Physical Environment
• Elements of Marketing Mix 
  • Advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and publicity
• Marketing Mix - Product Mix 
• Marketing Mix - Price Mix 
• Marketing Mix - Place Mix 

  Meaning and Features of Place Mix

• Choice of Channels of Distribution and Physical Distribution 
• Concept of Promotion (Marketing) 
  • Meaning and Features of Promotion
• Elements of Promotion Mix 

Meaning and Elements.

• Product Mix - goods and services - meaning, features and types of goods; meaning, features of services; difference between product and services. Branding: meaning and merits. Labeling: meaning and merits. Packaging: meaning and features of good packaging.
• Price Mix – meaning, factors determining price.
• Place Mix – meaning, channel of distribution choice of channels of distribution and physical distribution.
• Promotion Mix – Meaning and elements.
• Elements – Advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and publicity – meaning, features, objectives and differences.

• Concept of Consumer Protection 
  • Meanng and Features of Consumer Protection
  • Importance of Consumer Protection
  • Rights and Responsibilities of Consumers
• Methods of Consumer Protection 
• Consumer Protection Act 1986 (COPRA) 
  • Salient features of The Indian Consumer Protection Act, 1986
  • Importance of Consumer Protection
  • Objectives of the Consumer Protection Act 1986
• Legislative Measures and Consumer Associations/NGOs 

rights of consumers, methods of consumer protection.

• Need for consumer protection; rights of consumers; methods of consumer protection – self help, legislative measures and consumer associations/NGOs, Consumer Protection Act, 1986.