CISCE Syllabus For Class 12 Biology (Theory): Knowing the Syllabus is very important for the students of Class 12. Shaalaa has also provided a list of topics that every student needs to understand.
The CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) syllabus for the academic year 2023-2024 is based on the Board's guidelines. Students should read the Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus to learn about the subject's subjects and subtopics.
Students will discover the unit names, chapters under each unit, and subtopics under each chapter in the CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus pdf 2023-2024. They will also receive a complete practical syllabus for Class 12 Biology (Theory) in addition to this.
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Revised Syllabus
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) and their Unit wise marks distribution
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Course Structure 2023-2024 With Marking Scheme
Syllabus
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for Reproduction
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Definition and Meaning of Reproduction:
- Purpose of Reproduction
- Basic Features of Reproduction:
- Factors Responsible for Reproduction
- Types of Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Definition and meaning of sexual reproduction
- Basic characteristics of asexual reproduction
- Examples of asexual reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Events in Sexual Reproduction in Organisms
- Pre-fertilisation Events in Organisms
- Pre-fertilisation Events in Organisms:
- Gametogenesis - Sexuality in organisms, Cell division during gamete formation
- Gamete Transfer
- Pre-fertilisation Events in Organisms
Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction - binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Definition of life span; life span of a few organisms (banana, rice, rose, banyan, butterfly, fruit fly, tortoise, crocodile, parrot, crow, elephant, dog, horse, and cow).
Asexual reproduction – definition, types (binary fission in Amoeba and Paramoecium, budding in yeast and Hydra, conidia in Penicillium, zoospores in Chlamydomonas, gemmules in sponges), definition of clone.
Vegetative propagation – definition, vegetative propagules (tuber of potato, rhizome of ginger, bulbil of Agave, leaf buds of Bryophyllum, offset of water hyacinth, runner of grass, sucker of pineapple, bulb of onion).
Sexual reproduction: Plants – definition, phases of life cycle (juvenile/vegetative, reproductive and senescence), unusual flowering phenomenon (bamboo and Strobilanthes kunthiana). Animals – seasonal breeders (definition and examples).
Events in sexual reproduction – prefertilisation (gametogenesis and gamete transfer in plants and animals), chromosome number in the cells of house fly, fruit fly, butterfly, human beings, rat, dog, maize, apple, onion; fertilization (definition, types - external and internal), post-fertilisation (embryogenesis), definition and example of parthenogenesis, differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Introduction of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Flower - a Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
- Flower
- Significance of flower
- Parts of Flower
- Essential Parts of Flower: Androecium
- Androecium: Male Reproductive Organ
- Male reproductive unit: Stamen
- Fusion of Stamens
- Anther types
- Anther attachment
- Essential Parts of Flower: Gynoecium
- Gynoecium: Female Reproductive Organ
- Female Reproductive unit: Pistil
- Carpel
- Number of locules
- Extension of the condensed internode of the receptacle
- Ovary position
- Perianth / Androecial position on thalamus
- Essential Parts of Flower: Androecium
- Development of Female Gametophytes
- Pollination
- Double Fertilization and Triple Fusion in Plant
- Post Fertilisation in Plant: Structures and Events
- Polyembryony
- Development of Male Gametophytes
- Significance of Seed Dispersal and Fruit Formation
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Pre-fertilisation structures and events.
Structure of microsporangium, T.S. of anther microsporogenesis, structure and development of pollen grain, viability of pollen grain, economic importance of pollen grain. Pistil – structure of megasporangium (L.S. of anatropous ovule), megasporogenesis, structure and development of female gametophyte.
Types of pollination (autogamy, chasmogamy, cleistogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy), adaptations in flowers pollinated by wind, water and insects. Advantages of self and cross-pollination. Contrivances for prevention of selfpollination. Pollen-pistil interaction in terms of (incompatibility/compatibility), events leading to fertilisation), definition of triple fusion and double fertilization, significance of double fertilization. Apomixis, polyembryony, parthenocarpy to be explained briefly. Significance of seed and fruit formation. Significance of dispersal of seeds.
Post-fertilisation events - embryo formation (monocot and dicot); types of endosperm (cellular, nuclear and helobial); changes in the ovule and ovary for seed and fruit formation.
- Human Reproductive System
- The Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system
- Testes
- Accessory ducts
- Accessory glands
- External genitalia
- Histology of seminiferous tubules
- The Male Reproductive System
- Microscopic Anatomy of Testis
- Microscopic Anatomy of Ovary
- Gametogenesis
- Gametogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
- Structure of human spermatozoan
- Oogenesis
- Structure of ovum
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Phases menstrual cycle
- Menstrual phase
- Follicular or proliferative phase
- Ovulatory phase
- Luteal or secretory phase
- Fertilization and Implantation
- Embryo Development Upto Blastocyst Formation
- Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
- Gastrulation
- Extra embryonic membranes
- Placenta
- Changes in embryo during pregnancy
- Parturition and Lactation
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementaryidea).
Organs of male and female reproductive system and their functions; internal structure of testis and ovary to be taught with the help of diagrams; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis and spermiation) oogenesis; hormonal control of gametogenesis, structure of sperm and mature ovum, menstrual cycle - different phases and hormone action, differences between oestrous and menstrual cycle, menarche and menopause, physico-chemical events during fertilisation, implantation, embryonic development up to blastocyst formation, important features of human embryonic development (formation of heart, limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head, eyelashes, separation of eye lids, external genital organs and first movement of foetus with reference to time period) placenta and its functions. Parturition; lactation – hormonal control and importance.
- Population Explosion - Rising Population a Global Threat
- Population Explosion
- Reasons for population explosion
- Impact of population explosion
- Methods to control population explosion
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
- Infertility
- IVF-ET: in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.
- ICSI: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
- GIFT: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
- ZIFT: Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
- IUT: Intra-Uterine Transfer
- IUI: Intra-Uterine insemination
- Reproductive Health
- Family Welfare Programme
- Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programme
- Goals of RCH Programmes
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
Definition of reproductive health, programs of reproductive health (family planning, RCH), population explosion - role of government in controlling the population, contraceptives methods and their methods of action (natural-periodic abstinence, withdrawal or coitus interruptus, lactational amenorrhea; artificial – barriers, IUDs, oral pills, implants and surgical methods, definition of medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) and reasons for it; causes of infertility. Amniocentesis – role in detecting genetic defects. Assisted reproductive technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT, ICSI, GIFT, artificial insemination (AI, IUI).- definition and application only. Causes, symptoms and methods of prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis- B, AIDS).
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for Genetics and Evolution
- Heredity and Variation
- Mendelian Inheritance - Mendel’s Laws of Heredity
- Law of Dominance
- Law of segregation (Law of purity of gametes)
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Extensions of Mendelian Genetics (Deviation from Mendelism)
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Sex Determination
- Linkage and Crossing Over
- Linkage
- Types of linkage: Complete linkage and Incomplete linkage
- Linkage Groups
- Sex-linkage: Complete sex linkage and Incomplete sex linkage
- Crossing Over
- Morgan’s Experiments showing linkage and crossing over
- Genetic Disorders
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism - incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; sex determination - in humans, fruit fly, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; mutation; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans; chromosomal disorders in humans.
Explanation of the terms heredity and variation; Mendel's Principles of inheritance; reasons for Mendel's success; definition of homologous chromosomes, autosomes and sex chromosomes; alleles – dominant and recessive; phenotype; genotype; homozygous; heterozygous, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; back cross and test cross, definitions to be taught with simple examples using Punnett square. Incomplete dominance with examples from plants (snapdragon - Antirrhinum) and co-dominance in human blood group, multiple alleles – e.g. blood groups, polygenic inheritance with one example of inheritance of skin colour in humans (students should be taught examples from human genetics through pedigree charts). Biological importance of Mendelism. Pleiotropy with reference to the example of Phenylketonuria (PKU) in human beings and starch synthesis in pea seeds. Chromosomal theory of inheritance; autosomes and sex chromosomes (sex determination in humans, fruit fly, birds, honey bees and grasshopper), sex-linked inheritance - with reference to Drosophila (wings & eyes), and man (haemophilia & colour blindness), definition and significance of linkage and crossing over. Mutation: spontaneous, induced, gene (point – transition, transversion and frameshift); chromosomal aberration: euploidy and aneuploidy; human genetic disorders: haemophilia, phenylketonuria, thalassaemia, colour blindness, sickle cell anaemia; chromosomal disorders: Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome.
- Introduction of Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Structure of Nucleotide
- Structure of DNA and RNA
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- Packaging in Prokaryotes
- Packaging in Eukaryotes
- Search for Genetic Material
- Introduction of Search for Genetic Material
- Transforming Principle (Griffith’s experiment)
- Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle: Avery, McLeod and McCarty’s experiment
- Introduction of Search for Genetic Material
- DNA Replication
- Protein synthesis - Transcription
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Human Genome Project
- Human Genome Project
- Goals of HGP
- Methodologies
- Salient Features of Human Genome
- Applications and Future Challenges
- Rice Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting Technique
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon; human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes with reference to nucleosome; properties of genes such as ability to replicate, chemical stability, mutability and inheritability. Search for DNA as genetic material - Griffith’s experiment, Hershey and Chase’s experiment, Avery, McLeod and McCarty’s experiment; double helical model of DNA (contributions of Meischer, Watson and Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and Chargaff); types of RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA, snRNA, hnRNA); central dogma – concept only; reverse transcription (basic idea only), Meselson and Stahl’s experiment, replication of DNA (role of enzymes, namely DNA polymerase and ligase), transcription, posttranscriptional processing in eukaryotes (splicing, capping and tailing). Intron, exon, cistron, (definitions only). Discovery and essential features of genetic code. Definition of codon. Protein synthesis - translation in prokaryotes. Gene expression in prokaryotes; lac operon in E. coli.
Human Genome Project: goal; methodologies [Expressed Sequence Tags (EST), Sequence Annotation], salient features and applications. DNA finger printing – technique, application and ethical issues to be discussed briefly. Rice Genome Project.
- Origin and Evolution of Universe and Earth
- Theories of Origin of Life
- Origin of life
- Theories of origin of life
- Big Bang Theory
- Theory of Panspermia
- Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
- Theory of Biogenesis
- Theory of Chemical Origin
- Urey and Miller's experiment
- Evidences for Biological Evolution
- Evidence for Biological evolution:
- Paleontological evidence
- Evidence from Morphological and anatomical evidence
- Embryological evidence
- Molecular evidence
- Evolution by natural selection (Industrial melanism)
- Evolution by anthropogenic
- Theories of Biological Evolution
- Micro and Macro Evolution
- Mechanism of Organic Evolution
- Speciation
- Speciation
- Modes to form New species
- Intraspecific Speciation: Allopatric speciation and Sympatric speciation
- Interspecific Speciation: Hybridisation
- Hardy Weinberg’s Principle
- Evolution Stages
- Origin and Evolution of Man
- Gene Flow and Genetic Drift
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.
Origin of life - abiogenesis and biogenesis, effect of oxygen on evolution to show that reducing atmosphere is essential for abiotic synthesis. Important views on the origin of life, modern concept of origin of life, Oparin Haldane theory, definition of protobionts, coacervates), vestigial organs; Miller and Urey experiment. Evidences of evolution :- morphological evidences, definition and differences between homologous and analogous organs (two examples each from plants and animals). Embryological evidences – theory of recapitulation, definition and differences between ontogeny and phylogeny. Palaeontological evidence – definition of fossils. Geological time scale (with reference to dominant flora and fauna) Biogeographical evidence – definition of biogeography, molecular (genetic) evidences -for example genome similarity, universal genetic code; Darwin's finches (adaptive radiation).
Lamarckism: brief idea of Lamarck's theory, evidences in favour of Lamarckism such as evolution of long neck of giraffe to be discussed. Darwinism: salient features of Darwinism, contribution of Malthus, example of giraffe’s neck according to Darwinism, criticism of Darwinism. Examples of natural selection – industrial melanism, resistance of mosquitoes to DDT and resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, Neo-Darwinism (Modern Synthetic Theory); Variation - causes of variation, Hugo de Vries theory of mutation - role of mutation in evolution; Hardy Weinberg’s principle, factors affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium: gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift (Founder’s effect, bottle-neck effect), mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection, types of natural selection (directional, disruptive and stabilizing). Evolution of man - three features of each of the ancestors Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, Cro-magnon man and Homo sapiens leading to man of today.
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for Biology and Human Welfare
- Introduction of Human Health and Diseases
- Infectious and Non Infectious Disease
- Maintaining Good Health, Yoga, Excercise
- Common Diseases in Human Beings
- Immunity
- Types of Immunity
- Types of Immunity
- Innate immunity or Inborn immunity
⇒ Types of Barriers
a) Physical barriers: Skin, Mucous membrane
b) Physiological barriers: Acid, Saliva
c) Cellular barriers: Leukocytes, Natural killer cells, Macrophages
d) Cytokine barriers: Interferons - Acquired immunity
⇒ Structure of antibody
⇒ Types of Acquired Immunity
(i) Active Immunity: Natural acquired active immunity and artificial acquired active immunity
(ii) Passive immunity: Natural Acquired Passive immunity and Artificially Acquired Passive immunity
- Interferons
- Interferons – definition, source and function
- Antibodies
- Structure of a typical antibody molecule
- Types of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE (function and occurrence, e,g. in serum, saliva, colostrum)
- Vaccination and Immunization
- Allergies (Hypersensitivity)
- Signs and Symptoms of Allergies
- Autoimmunity
- Lymphoid Organs
- Primary lymphoid organs
- Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs
- Cells of the immune system
- Cancer
- Cancer
- Causes of cancer
- Cancer detection and diagnosis
- Treatment of cancer
- Scope of Immunology
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
- Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Adolescence - Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Addiction and dependence
- Effects of drugs and alcohol
- Prevention and control
- Adolescence - Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (common cold, dengue, chikungunya, typhoid, pneumonia, amoebiasis, malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.
Communicable and non-communicable diseases; modes of transmission, causative agents, symptoms and prevention; viral diseases (common cold, chikungunya and dengue), bacterial diseases (typhoid and pneumonia), protozoal diseases (amoebiasis, and malaria, graphic outline of life cycle of Plasmodium), helmintic diseases (ascariasis, and filariasis); fungal (ringworm); cancer - types of tumour (benign, malignant), causes, diagnosis and treatment, characteristics of cancer cells (loss of contact inhibition and metastasis).
Immunity (definition and types – innate and acquired, active and passive, humoral and cell-mediated), structure of a typical antibody molecule, types of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE, vaccination and immunisation, allergies and allergens – definitions and general symptoms of allergies; autoimmunity, primary and secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, brief idea of AIDS – causative agent (HIV), modes of transmission, diagnosis (ELISA), symptoms, replication of retrovirus in the infected human cell (including diagram) and prevention.
Alcoholism and smoking - effects on health. Drugs: effects and sources of opioids, cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates. Reasons for addiction; prevention and control of alcohol and drug abuse.
- Introduction of Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Plant Breeding
- Plant breeding
- Hybridization and its technique
- Steps of Hybridization technique
- Indian Hybrid Crops - Mutation Breeding
- Main steps in breeding a new genetic variety of a crop
(i) Collection of variability
(ii) Evaluation and selection of parents
(iii) Cross hybridisation among the selected parents
(iv) Selection and testing of superior recombinants
(v) Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars - Gross Revolution: Wheat and Rice, Sugar cane, Millets
- Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
⇒ Methods of breeding for disease resistance
⇒ Mutation - Plant Breeding for Developing a Resistance to Insect Pest
- Heterosis and inbreeding depression
- Plant Breeding for improved food quality - Biofortification
- Steps in Plant Breeding
- Steps in Plant Breeding
- Collection of Variability - Germplasm collection
- Evaluation and selection of parents
- Cross hybridisation among the selected parents
- Selection and testing of superior recombinants
- Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars
- Tissue Culture
- Tissue Culture
- Micropropagation (Clonal Propagation)
- Advantages of microporpagation
- Single Cell Protein (SCP)
- Single cell protein (SCP)
- Advantages of Single-Cell Protein
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Animal Husbandry
- Role of Animal Husbandry in Human Welfare
- Advantages of Animal Husbandry
- Management of farms and farm animals
- Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Apiculture
- Types of Honey Bee
- Useful product of Honey Bees
- Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Pisciculture
- Types of Fish Culture
- Types of Ponds for Fish Culture
- Cultivable Food Fishes
- Nutritional Value of Fishes
- Dairy Farming
- Dairy farm management
- Composition of Cattle Feed
- Feed Management
- Improvement of Livestock Development in India
- Diseases
- Uses of Dairy Farming
- Poultry Farming
- Poultry Farming
- Poultry Feeding
- Poultry Disease
- Poultry product
- Uses of Poultry Farming
- Poultry management
- Animal Breeding
Improvement in food production: plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, biofortification, apiculture and animal husbandry.
Measures for proper maintenance of dairy farms and poultry farms; apiculture and pisciculture – definition, brief idea and advantages of each.
Animal breeding - brief idea of inbreeding, out-breeding, cross-breeding and artificial insemination, Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET). Advantages of artificial insemination.
Plant breeding – a brief reference to green revolution. Steps in plant breeding (germplasm collection, evaluation, selection, cross hybridisation or artificial hybridisation (concept of emasculation and bagging), selection and testing of superior recombinants, testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivars), advantages of mutation breeding, examples of some Indian hybrid crops like wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, millet. Definition of heterosis.
Application of plant breeding for disease resistant (examples of some diseaseresistance varieties of crops for example wheat (Himgiri), Brassica (Pusa swarnim), cauliflower (Pusa shubhra, Pusa snowball K – 1), Cow pea (Pusa komal), chilli (Pusa sadabahar), insect resistance (examples of some insect resistant varieties of crops – Brassica (Pusa Gaurav), flat bean (Pusa sem 2, Pusa sem 3), okra (Pusa sawani, Pusa A–4)), improved food quality (biofortification) protoplasmic fusion. Tissue culture (technique and application– micropropagation, somaclones, disease free plants and somatic hybridisation), single cell protein – source and significance.
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in Household Products
- Microbes in Household Food Processing
- Curd, Idli, Bread, Traditional drinks and food, Cheese
- Single cell protein (SCP)
- Microbes in Industrial Production
- Fermented beverages
- Antibiotics
- Chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment
- Primary Treatment
- Secondary treatment or Biological treatment
- Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan
- Microbes in Production of Biogas
- methanogens, biogas plant
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
- Biological control of pests and diseases
- Energy Generation
- Production and Judicious Use
In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilisers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
Use of microbes in: household products: Lactobacillus (curd), Saccharomyces (bread), Propionibacterium (Swiss cheese); industrial products: beverages (with and without distillation), antibiotics (Penicillin – discovery and use); sources (microbes) and uses of organic acids, alcohols and enzymes (lipase, pectinase, protease, streptokinase) in industry, source (microbes) and applications of Cyclosporin-A, Statins. Sewage treatment – primary and secondary treatment; production of biogas (methanogens, biogas plant, composition of biogas and process of production); harmful effects of chemical pesticides; microbes as biocontrol agents (ladybird, dragonfly, Bacillus thuringiensis Trichoderma, Nucleopolyhedrovirus (Baculovirus), IPM and microbes as biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Cyanobacteria).
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Process and Principles of Biotechnology
- Technique of gene cloning and rDNA technology
- Tools and techniques for gene cloning/ rDNA technology
- Different instruments (devices)
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Mechanism of PCR - Biological tools
- Enzymes
- Cloning vectors
- Competent host
- Genetic Engineering
- Bioprocess Engineering
- Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Genetic Engineering (recombinant DNA technology).
Definition and principles of biotechnology; isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA (from bacteria/plant cell/animal cell, by cell lysis), isolation of gene of interest (by electrophoresis), steps of formation of recombinant DNA, discovery, nomenclature, features and role of restriction enzymes (EcoRI, HindII), ligase; cloning vectors (features of a good cloning vector, examples of cloning vectors like pBR322, Agrobacterium, retroviruses, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)), methods of transfer of rDNA into a competent host, e.g. by directmethod (temperature shock), microinjection, gene gun, methods of selection of recombinants (antibiotic resistance, insertional inactivation/blue-white selection), cloning of recombinants, i.e., gene amplification (by in vivo or in vitro method - using PCR technique), bioreactor (stirred tank and sparged tank), downstream processing.
- Introduction of Biotechnology and Its Application
- Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture
- In agriculture: for production of crops tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat); pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops, RNAi with reference to Meloidogyne incognita); biofortification (golden rice, wheat – Atlas 66, maize hybrids, iron fortified rice)
- Genetically Modified Organisms - BT Crops
- Biotechnological Applications in Medicine
- In medicine: Genetically Engineered Insulin, Gene therapy - with reference to the treatment of SCID, molecular diagnosis by PCR, ELISA and use of DNA/RNA probe.
- Transgenic Animals
- Transgenic animals for bioactive products like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, alpha-lactalbumin
- Normal physiology and development
- Study of disease
- Biological products
- Vaccine safety
- Chemical safety testing
- Ethical Issues
- Bio Piracy and Patents
- GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
- Biopiracy
- Patents
- Cyber Crime
- Software Piracy
- Hacking
- Cracking
- Stem Cell Technology
- Biosafety Issues
- Vaccine safety testing
- Chemical safety testing
- Study of disease
Applications of biotechnology in health and agriculture: human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and biopatents.
In agriculture: for production of crops tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat); pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops, RNAi with reference to Meloidogyne incognita); biofortification (golden rice, wheat – Atlas 66, maize hybrids, iron fortified rice).
In medicine: insulin, gene therapy - with reference to treatment of SCID, molecular diagnosis by PCR, ELISA and use of DNA/RNA probe.
Transgenic animals for bioactive products like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, alpha-lactalbumin; vaccine safety testing, chemical safety testing; study of diseases. Role of GEAC, definition and two examples of biopiracy, biopatent; ethical issues.
CISCE Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for Ecology and Environment
- Introduction of Organisms and Populations
- Ecology (Organism, Population, Community and Biome)
- Definition of habitat and niche
- Organism and Its Environment
- Introduction of Organisms and Environment
- Biomes
- Habitat
⇒ Key factors that lead to immense variations in physical as well as chemical conditions of varied habitats are: temperature, water, light, soil - Niche
- Responses to Abiotic Factors
- Responses to Abiotic Factors
- Living organisms deal with the extreme weather conditions through the following adaptations:
(i) Regulation
(ii) Conformation
(iii) Migration
(iv) Suspension
- Introduction of Organisms and Environment
- Population and Ecological Adaptations
- Population
- Population Attributes
- Population Ecology
- The population has certain attributes
- Birth Rate, Death Rate
- Sex Ratio
- Age Distribution
- Age Pyramid
- Population Size
- Population density
- Population Growth
- Population Attributes
- Population Interactions
- Population Interactions
- Predation (adaptations in organisms to avoid predation)
- Competition (Interspecific, interference, Competitive exclusion, Competitive release, Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle)
- Parasitism
⇒ Types of parasites: Ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Brood parasitism - Commensalism
- Mutualism
- Amensalism
- Population Growth
Organisms and environment: habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Definition of ecology; major biomes; abiotic factors (temperature, water, light, soil – definition of stenothermal, eurythermal, stenohaline and euryhaline), responses to abiotic factors (regulate, conform, migrate, suspend); ecological adaptations: morphological, physiological and behavioural in response to loss of water and extremes of temperature in plant and animals including humans. Definition of habitat and niche.
Definition of population; population attributes: sex ratio, types of age distribution pyramids for human population; definition of population density, natality, mortality, emigration, immigration, carrying capacity. Ways to measure population density. Calculation of natality and mortality.
Population growth: factors affecting population growth and population growth equation; growth models: exponential growth and logistic growth along with equations, graph and examples of the same; life history variations: definition of reproductive fitness and examples.
Population interactions – definition of mutualism, competition (interspecific, interference, competitive release and Gause’s Principle of Competitive Exclusion), predation (adaptations in organisms to avoid predation), parasitism (ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites), commensalism, amensalism with examples of each.
- Introduction and Types of Ecosystem
- Definition of stenothermal, Eurythermal, stenohaline and euryhaline), responses to abiotic factors (regulate, conform, migrate, suspend). Allen’s rule.
- Ecosystem - Structure and Function
- Ecosystems
- Components of the environment - Abiotic and biotic, Productivity, Decomposition, Energy flow, Nutrient cycling
- The function of the Ecosystem:
- Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop and standing state.
- Productivity of an ecosystem
- Concept of trophic level in an ecosystem
- Energy flow
- Food chain
- Food Web
- Ecological pyramids
- Decomposition
- Biogeochemical cycle (Nutrient cycle)
- Types of ecosystem
- Ecosystem services ( Benefits)
- Ecosystem Management
- Productivity
- Primary production
- Productivity
- Types of productivity
- Primary productivity
1) Gross primary productivity (GPP)
2) Net-primary productivity (NPP) - Secondary productivity
- Decomposition
- Fragmentation
- Leaching
- Catabolism
- Humification
- Mineralization
- Factors affecting rate of decomposition
- Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
- Food Chain
a) Grazing food chain (GFC)
b) Detritus Food Chain (DFC) - Food Web
- Trophic level
a) Producers
b) Herbivores (Primary consumer)
c) Carnivores (Secondary consumer)
d) Top carnivores (Tertiary consumer)
- Food Chain
- Ecological Pyramids
- Ecological Pyramids
(i) Pyramid of number
(ii) Pyramid of biomass
⇒ The Pyramid of biomass in terrestrial ecosystem
⇒ Pyramid of biomass in sea
(iii) Pyramid of energy - Limitations of ecological pyramids
- Ecological Pyramids
- Ecological Succession
- Ecological succession
- Classification of ecological succession
(i) Primary Succession
(ii) Secondary Succession - Succession of Plants
- Kinds of plant succession
(i) Hydrarch Succession
(ii) Xerarch Succession - Definition of a climax community, ecological succession, sere, Pioneer species
- Nutrient Cycling
- Nutrient Cycles
- Types of Nutrient cycles
- Carbon Cycle
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Ecosystem Services
- Ecological services and their cost
- Carbon fixation
- Pollination
- Seed dispersal
- Oxygen release
- Ecosystems Patterns
Ecosystems: patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services - carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).
Definition and types of ecosystems; structure of ecosystem (brief idea about biotic and abiotic components). Structure and function of pond ecosystem; ecosystem functions: (i) Productivity – gros primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP) and secondary productivity (ii) Decomposition (fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification and mineralization), factors affecting rate of decomposition (iii) Energy flow. Various types of food chains – grazing and detritus, food webs, trophic levels, ecological pyramids – energy, number and biomass (iv) Nutrient cycle – definition of biogeochemical cycles – gaseous (Carbon) and sedimentary (Phosphorous). Graphic representation of the above cycles.
Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop and standing state.
Succession: definition to explain the meaning, kinds of succession (hydrarch, xerarch; primary and secondary succession with examples), definition of pioneer community, climax community and sere; significance of ecological succession.
Ecological services and their cost.
- Biodiversity
- Biodiversity
- Type of biodiversity
(i) Genetic diversity
(ii) Species diversity
(iii) Ecosystem diversity - Global biodiversity and a proportionate number of species of major taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates
- Patterns of Biodiversity
- Latitudinal and altitudinal gradients:
a) Speciation
b) Tropical environments
c) Availability of Solar Energy - Species-Area relationships
- Latitudinal and altitudinal gradients:
- Importance of Biodiversity
- Ecological Role of Biodiversity
- Economic Role of Biodiversity
- Scientific Role of Biodiversity
- Rivet Popper hypothesis
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Causes of Biodiversity losses
(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(ii) Overexploitation
(iii) Alien species invasions
(iv) Co-extinctions - Why to conserve Diversity?
- How do we conserve biodiversity?
- The International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has classified the threatened species of plants and animals into three categories for the purpose of their conservation.
- Endangered Species
- Vulnerable Species
- Rare Species
- Conservation of Biodiversity
- Why should we conserve Biodiversity?
(i) Narrowly utilitarian argument
(ii) Broadly utilitarian argument
(iii) Ethical argument - How do we conserve Biodiversity?
(i) In-situ methods: Biodiversity Hotspots and Sacred Groves
(ii) Ex-situ Conservation - Zoological parks, Botanical parks, Wildlife Safari parks
- Why should we conserve Biodiversity?
- Endangered Organisms
- Extinction
- Red Data Book
- Red data book
- Categories in Red Data Book
(1) Extinct
(2) Extinct in the wild
(3) Critically Endangered
(4) Endangered
(5) Vulnerable
(6) Near Threatened
(7) Least Concern
(8) Data Deficient
(9) Not Evaluated
Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites
Definition of biodiversity, few examples of each type of biodiversity - species, ecosystem and genetic. Global biodiversity and proportionate number of species of major taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates; patterns of biodiversity (latitudinal gradients, species-area relationship – graph and equation), “rivet popper hypothesis”, importance of species diversity to the ecosystem (narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian, ethical).
Examples of some recently extinct organisms, causes of loss of biodiversity (habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien species invasion, co-extinction).
Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods - protected areas: biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves; ex-situ methods - captive breeding, zoo, botanical gardens, cryopreservation, wild life safari, seed banks, tissue culture. Definitions and examples of each of the above. Hotspots, Ramsar sites and Red Data Book.
Historic conventions on biological diversity (the Earth Summit and the World Summit).
- Environmental Issues
- Pollution
- Meaning
- Types of Pollution
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Land Pollution
- Classification of Pollutants
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Air Pollution
- Causes of Air pollution
- Sources of Air Pollution
- Sources of Air Pollution
- Prevention of Air Pollution
- Measures to control air pollution
- Devices to control air pollution
- Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)
- Scrubbers
- Catalytic converters
- Noise Pollution
- Noise Pollution
- Health hazards due to noise pollution
- Measures to Limit Noise Pollution
- Introduction of Water Pollution and Its Control
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Water Pollution
- Causes of Water Pollution
- Sources of Water Pollution
- Prevention of Water Pollution
- Composition of Waste Water
- Thermal Pollution
- Eutrophication
- Integrated Wastewater Management
- Wastewater Treatment
- Primary treatment
- Secondary treatment or biological treatment
- Tertiary treatment
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Water
- BOD
- Effect of sewage discharge on BOD and dissolved oxygen content in river
- A Case Study of Integrated Waste Water Treatment
- Case studies of waste water treatment (FOAM and EcoSan)
- Soil Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Causes of Soil Pollution
- Sources of Soil Pollution
- Effects of Soil Pollution
- Prevention of Soil Pollution
- Agrochemicals and Their Effects
- Agrochemicals
- Effects of Agrochemicals
- Biomagnification
- Eutrophication
- Case Study of Organic Farming
- Integrated Organic Farming
- Contribution of Ramesh Chandra Dagar
- Biomagnification and Bioconcentration
- Solid Waste Management
- Radioactive Waste Management and E-waste
- Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
- Greenhouse effect
- Global warming
- Effects of global warming
- Prevention of global warming
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- causes and prevention (to be covered theoretically, no reactions are required)
- Formation of ozone:- relevant equations
- Function in the atmosphere.
- Destruction of the ozone layer:- chemicals responsible for this to be named but reactions not required.
- Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
- Deforestation and Its Causes
- Deforestation
- Causes of deforestation: Jhum cultivation
- Main Provisions of Environmental Acts
- Main provisions of Environmental Acts - Environmental Protection Act, Water (prevention and control of pollution), Air (prevention and control of pollution act).
Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and climate change; ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).
Definition of pollution and pollutant; environmental issues: air pollution and its control, major sources of gaseous and particulate pollutants, control devices for air pollution such as: scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators, catalytic converter, CNG, Bharat stages, noise pollution: harmful effects and control; Water pollution, major sources and its control, composition of waste water, thermal pollution, eutrophication - cultural and accelerated, BOD, effect of sewage discharge on BOD and dissolved oxygen content in river; case studies of waste water treatment (FOAM and EcoSan); Soil pollution – sources, effects and control, agrochemicals and their harmful effects, integrated organic farming, contribution of Ramesh Chandra Dagar, biomagnification and bioconcentration; solid waste management, Radioactive waste management, e-waste.
A brief understanding of the concept of deforestation (slash and burn agriculture or jhum cultivation’s contribution), greenhouse effect. Impact of global warming in terms of climatic changes, rise in sea levels, melting of ice caps, El Nino effect ; impact on animals and plants due to climate changes. Ozone depletion – causes, ozone hole, Dobson unit, effects on plants and animals, methods to control ozone depletion, Montreal protocol. Any one of the following case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues: Chipko Movement, Joint Forest Management, contribution of Ahmed Khan of Bangalore.
Environmental Acts :- Environmental Protection Act, Water (prevention and control of pollution), Air (prevention and control of pollution act).