Chemistry Class 12 CBSE (Science) CBSE Topics and Syllabus

• General Characteristics of Solid State 
• Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 

  Two dimensional structure of (a) quartz and (b) quartz glass , Distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

• Classification of Crystalline Solids 
  • Molecular solids - Non polar Molecular Solids, Polar Molecular Solids, Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Solids
  • Ionic Solids
  • Metallic Solids
  • Covalent or Network Solids
• Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Introduction 

  three dimensional cubic lattice and its unit cell, Bravais Lattices

• Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Primitive and Centred Unit Cells 

  Primitive Unit Cells, Centred Unit Cells, Body-Centred Unit Cells, Face-Centred Unit Cells, End-Centred Unit Cells

• Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell 
  • Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
  • Body-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
  • Face-Centred Cubic Unit Cell
• Concept of Close Packed Structures 

  Close Packing in One Dimension, Close Packing in Two Dimensions and Close Packing in Three Dimensions

• Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled 
• Packing Efficiency 
  • Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures 
  • Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures 
  • Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice 
• Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions 
• Imperfections in Solids - Introduction 

  point defects and line defects

• Imperfections in Solids 
  • Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric Defects 

    Vacancy Defect, Interstitial Defect, Frenkel Defect, interstitial defect, dislocation defect, Schottky Defect

  • Types of Point Defects - Impurity Defects 
  • Types of Point Defects - Non-stoichiometric Defects 

    Metal Excess Defect, Metal Deficiency Defect

• Electrical Properties - Introduction 
• Electrical Properties 
  • Conduction of Electricity in Metals 
  • Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors 
    • Electron - rich impurities
    • Electron - deficit impurities
  • Applications of N-type and P-type Semiconductors 
• Magnetic Properties 

  piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, Ferrimagnetism

  Magnetic properties: diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic.

• Solid State 
  • Band Theory of Metals 
• Solid State Numericals 

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementaryidea).
• Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.
• Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.

• Types of Solutions 

  Gaseous Solutions,Liquid Solutions,Solid Solutions

• Expressing Concentration of Solutions 

  Mass percentage (w/w), Volume percentage (V/V), Mass by volume percentage (w/V), Parts per million,Mole fraction

• Solubility - Introduction 
• Solubility 
  • Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 

    Effect of temperature, Effect of pressure

  • Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid 

    Henry's law

• Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions - Introduction 
• Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions 
  • Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions 

    Raoult's Law

  • Raoult’S Law as a Special Case of Henry’S Law 
  • Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids 
• Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions 

  Ideal Solutions and Non-ideal Solutions

• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction 
• Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 
  • Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure 
  • Elevation of Boiling Point 
  • Depression of Freezing Point 
  • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 
    • Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions
    • Osmotic pressure and concentration of solution
    • Molar mass of solute from osmotic pressure
    • Reverse osmosis
  • Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification 
• Abnormal Molar Masses 

  Van't Hoff Factor

• Solution Numericals 
• Quantitative Concentration Numericals 
• Composition of Vapour Phase 
• Electrochemistry 
  • Kohlrausch's law 

    Numericals

• Introduction of Solution 

• Types of solutions,
• expression of concentration of solutions of solids in Liquids,
• solubility of gases in liquids,
• solid solutions,
• colligative properties
• relative lowering of vapour pressure,
• Raoult's law,
• elevation of boiling point,
• depression of freezing point,
• osmotic pressure,
• determination of molecular masses using colligative properties,
• abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.

• Introduction to Electrochemistry 
• Electrochemical Cells 
  • Daniell cell
  • Electrochemical reactions
  • Electrodes
  • Types of electrochemical cells
• Galvanic Cells - Introduction 

  standard electrode potential, Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), Emf of a Cell

• Galvanic Cells - Measurement of Electrode Potential 
• Nernst Equation - Introduction 
• Nernst Equation 
  • Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation 
  • Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction 
• Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction 
• Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 
  • Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions 
  • Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration 

    limiting molar conductivity , Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes, Applications of Kohlrausch's law

• Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction 

  Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis, Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis:-(i) First Law,(ii) Second Law

• Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis 
  • Products of Electrolysis 
• Batteries 
  • Primary Batteries 

    dry cell

  • Secondary Batteries 

    The Lead storage battery

• Fuel Cells 
  • Fuel cell using H₂ and O₂ produces electricity
  • Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
• Concept of Corrosion 
• Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell 
• Electrochemistry 
  • Lead Accumulator 
• Faraday’s Law of Induction 
  • Laws of Electromagnetic Induction Or Faraday'S Laws of Induction

• Redox reactions,
• conductance in electrolytic solutions,
• specific and molar conductivity,
• variations of conductivity with concentration,
• Kohlrausch's Law,
• electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea),
• dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells,
• lead accumulator,
• EMF of a cell,
• standard electrode potential,
• Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells,
• Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.

• Rate of a Chemical Reaction 

  average and instantaneous, Units of rate of a reaction

• Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction 

  Dependence of Rate on Concentration, Rate Expression and Rate Constant, Order of a Reaction, Molecularity of a Reaction

• Integrated Rate Equations - Introduction 
• Integrated Rate Equations 
  • Zero Order Reactions 
  • First Order Reactions 
  • Half-life of a Reaction 
• Pseudo First Order Reaction 
• Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction 

  activation energy, most probable kinetic energy, Effect of Catalyst

• Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions 

  elementary idea, no mathematical treatment, Arrhenius equation

• Catalyst 
  • Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction 

    the change in the energy of activation in the activation energy curve

• Kinetic Energy of Molecule 
• Role of Catalyst 
• Chemical Kinetics 
  • Rate Law and Specific Rate Constant 

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous),
• factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst;
• order and molecularity of a reaction,
• rate law and specific rate constant,
• integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions),
• concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).
• Activation energy,
• Arrhenious equation.

• Introduction of Adsorption 
• Distinction Between Adsorption and Absorption 
• Adsorption 
  • Mechanism of Adsorption 
  • Adsorption from Solution Phase 
• Types of Adsorption 
  • Physical adsorption or physisorption
    - Characteristics of physisorption
  • Chemical adsorption or chemisorption
    - Characteristics of chemisorption
• Adsorption Isotherms 
• Applications of Adsorption 
• Catalysis 
  • Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis 
  • Shape-selective Catalysis by Zeolites 
  • Enzyme Catalysis 
  • Catalysts in Industry 
• Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis 
  •  Important features of solid catalysts
    a) Catalytic activity
    b) Catalytic selectivity
    c) Shape selective catalysis by zeolites
• Colloids 
  • Examples of colloids
  • Classification of colloids 
  • Preparation of Colloids 
  • Purification of colloidal solution
  • Properties of colloidal dispersions
  • Methods to effect coagulation
  • Emulsions
  • Applications of colloids
• Classification of Colloids 
  • Classification Based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium 
  • Classification Based on Nature of Interaction Between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium 

    Lyophilic colloids, Lyophobic colloids

  • Classification Based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids 

    Multimolecular colloids, Macromolecular colloids, Associated colloids (Micelles) , Mechanism of micelle formation

• Preparation of Colloids 

  Chemical methods, Electrical disintegration or Bredig’s Arc method, Peptization

• Purification of Colloidal Solutions 

  Dialysis, Electro-dialysis, Ultrafiltration:

• Properties of Colloidal Solutions 

  Colligative properties, Tyndall effect, Colour, Brownian movement, Charge on colloidal particles,Coagulation of lyophilic sols, Protection of colloids

• Emulsions 

  types of emulsions

• Colloids Around Us 

  Fog,Blue colour of the sky, Blood,Food articles, Soils, Formation of delta, Applications of colloids

• Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity;
• enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension;
• lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids;
• properties of colloids;
• Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion - types of emulsions.

• Occurrence of Metals 

  occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

• Concentration of Ores 
  • Hydraulic Washing 
  • Magnetic Separation 
  • Froth Floatation Method 
  • Leaching 

    Leaching of alumina from bauxite, Other examples

• Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore 

  Conversion to oxide, Reduction of oxide to the metal

• Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy 
• Application of Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy 

  Extraction of iron from its oxides, Extraction of copper from cuprous oxide [copper(I) oxide],Extraction of zinc from zinc oxide

• Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy 
• Oxidation Reduction 
• Refining 

  Principles and methods of extraction - Refining

  (a) Distillation (b) Liquation(c) Electrolysis (d) Zone refining(e) Vapour phase refining (f) Chromatographic methods

• General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 
  • Principles and Methods of Extraction - Concentration 

    concentration

• Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron 
• General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Numerical 

• Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction - electrolytic method and refining;
• occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

• Concept of Group 15 Elements 

  Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity,Anomalous properties of nitrogen)

• P - Block Group 15 Elements 
  • Dinitrogen 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Ammonia 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Oxides of Nitrogen 
  • Nitric Acid 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Phosphorus - Allotropic Forms 

    White phosphorus, Red phosphorus and Black phosphorus

  • Compounds of Phosphorus 
  • Phosphine 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Phosphorus Halides 
    • Phosphorus Trichloride - Preparation, Properties, Uses
    • Phosphorus Pentachloride - Preparation, Properties, Uses
  • Oxoacids of Phosphorus 
• Concept of Group 16 Elements 

  Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity and Anomalous behaviour of oxygen)

• P - Block Group 16 Elements 
  • Dioxygen 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Classification of Oxides 
  • Simple Oxides 
  • Ozone 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Sulphur - Allotropic Forms 

    Rhombic sulphur (α-sulphur), Monoclinic sulphur (β-sulphur)

  • Compounds of Sulphur 
  • Sulphur Dioxide 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Oxoacids of Sulphur 
  • Sulphuric Acid 

    Manufacture, Properties, uses

• P - Block Group 17 Elements 
  • Concept of Group 17 Elements 

    Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Atomic and Ionic Radii, Ionisation Enthalpy, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Electronegativity, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity and Anomalous behaviour of fluorine)

  • Chlorine 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Hydrogen Chloride 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

  • Oxoacids of Halogens 
  • Interhalogen Compounds 

    Preparation, Properties, Uses

• Compounds of Halogens 
• P - Block Group 18 Elements 
  • Concept of Group 18 Elements 

    Occurrence, Electronic Configuration, Ionisation Enthalpy, Atomic Radii, Electron Gain Enthalpy, Physical Properties and Chemical Properties (Xenon-fluorine compounds and Xenon-oxygen compounds)

• P Block Elements 

Group -15 Elements:

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties;
• Nitrogen, preparation properties and ses;
  compounds of Nitrogen, preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric Acid, Oxides of Nitrogen(Structure only) ;
• Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of Phosphorus: Preparation and Properties of Phosphine, Halides and Oxoacids (elementary idea only).

 Group 16 Elements:

• General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms;
• compounds of Sulphur: preparation Properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).

Group 17 Elements:

• General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties;
• compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

 Group 18 Elements:

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

• Position in the Periodic Table 

  The d-Block Elements

• Electronic Configurations of the D-block Elements 
• General Properties of the Transition Elements (D-block) 
  • Physical Properties
  • Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals
  • Ionisation Enthalpies
  • Oxidation States
  • Trends in the M²⁺/M Standard Electrode Potentials
  • Trends inthe M³⁺/M²⁺ Standard Electrode Potentials
  • Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States
  • Chemical Reactivity and E^θ Values
  • Magnetic Properties
  • Formation of Coloured Ions
  • Formation of Complex Compounds
  • Catalytic Properties
  • Formation of Interstitial Compounds
  • Alloy Formation
• Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements - Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals 

  Potassium dichromate K₂Cr₂O₇

  Potassium permanganate KMnO₄

• F-block Elements 
  • The Lanthanoids 

    Electronic Configurations, Atomic and Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics, Chemical Reactivity and Lanthanoid Contraction and Its Consequences

  • The Actinoids 

    Electronic Configurations, Ionic Sizes, Oxidation States, General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids

• Some Applications of d and f Block Elements 
• General Introduction of "D" and "F" Block Element 
• "D" and "F" Block Elements Numericals 

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition
  metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii,colour, catalytic property, magnet c properties, interstitial compounds, alloy fonnation, preparation and properties of KzCr0 and KMn0₂ 
• Lanthanotds - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction andits consequences.
• Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

• Introduction of Coordination Compounds 
• Werner’S Theory of Coordination Compounds 
• Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds 

  Coordination entity, Central atom/ion, Ligands, Coordination number, Coordination sphere, Coordination polyhedron, Oxidation number of central atom, Homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes

• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities 
• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds 
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds - Introduction 
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 
  • Stereoisomerism 

    Geometric Isomerism, Optical Isomerism

  • Structural Isomerism 

    Linkage Isomerism, Coordination Isomerism, Ionisation Isomerism, Solvate Isomerism

• Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction 
• Bonding in Coordination Compounds 
  • Valence Bond Theory (VBT) 

    Theory and Limitations of Valence Bond Theory

  • Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds 
  • Crystal Field Theory (CFT) 
    • Crystal field splitting in octahedral coordination entities
    • Crystal field splitting in tetrahedral coordination entities
    • Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
  • Colour in Coordination Compounds 
• Bonding in Metal Carbonyls 
• Stability of Coordination Compounds 
• Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds 
• Coordination Compounds Numerical 

• Coordination compounds - Introduction,ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT;
• structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extract on of metals and biological system).

• Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 
• Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 
  • Classification On the Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms
  • Classification on the basis of Compounds Containing sp³ C—X Bond (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
  • Classification on the basis of Compounds Containing sp² C—X Bond
• Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 
  • Nomenclature 
  • Nature of C-x Bond 
• Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 

  From Alcohols, from hydrocarbons (By free radical halogenation, By electrophilic substitution, Sandmeyer’s reaction, From Alkenes - Addition of hydrogen haldies, Addition halogens), halogen exchange (Swarts reaction)

• Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 

  Melting and boiling points, Density, Solubility

• Chemical Reactions of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 
  • Reactions of Haloalkanes - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 

    Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (S_N2), Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (S_N1), Stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions - Plane polarised light and optical activity, Molecular asymmetry, chirality and enantiomers, Retention, Inversion, retention and racemisation

  • Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions 
  • Reactions of Haloalkanes - Reaction with Metals 

    organo-metallic compounds, Grignard Reagents

  • Reactions of Haloarenes - Nucleophilic Substitution 
  • Reactions of Haloarenes - Electrophilic Substitution Reactions 
  • Reactions of Haloarenes - Reaction with Metals 

    Wurtz-Fittig reaction, Fittig reaction

• Polyhalogen Compounds 

  Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride), Trichloromethane (Chloroform), Triiodomethane (Iodoform), Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride), Freons, p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)

  environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds

• Haloalkanes 
  • R-s and D-l Configuration 

    Haloalkanes

• Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Numericals 

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, subst tution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds on y).
• Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

• Classification of Alcohols and Phenols 

  Mono, Di, Tri or Polyhydric compounds

• Classification of Ethers 

  Simple or symmetrical and mixed or unsymmetrical

• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 
  • Nomenclature 
• Structures of Functional Groups of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 
• Preparation of Alcohols from Alkenes, Carbonyl Compounds and Grignard Reagents 
• Preparation of Phenols from Haloarenes, Benzenesulphonic Acid, Diazonium Salts and Cumene 
• Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols 

  Boiling Points, Solubility

• Chemical Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols 
  • Reactions Involving Cleavage of O–H Bond 
    • Acidity of alcohols and phenols
    • Esterification
  • Reactions Involving Cleavage of Carbon–Oxygen (C–O) Bond in Alcohols 

    Reaction with hydrogen halides, Reaction with phosphorus trihalides, Dehydration and Oxidation

• Chemical Reactions of Phenols (Only) 

  Electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Reaction of phenol with zinc dust and Oxidation

• Some Commercially Important Alcohols 

  Methanol, Ethanol

• Preparation of Ethers from Dehydration of Alcohols and Williamson Systhesis 
• Physical Properties of Ethers 
• Chemical Reaction of Ethers - Cleavege of C-O Bonds 
• Chemical Reaction of Ethers - Electrophilic Substitution 

• Alcohols:- Nomenclature, methods of preparat on, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
• Phenols:- Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol,electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

• Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 
• Aldehydes and Ketones 
  • Nomenclature 

    Common names, IUPAC names

  • Nature of Carbonyl Group 
  • Structure of the Carbonyl Group 
  • Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones 
    • By oxidation of alcohols, By dehydrogenation of alcohols and From hydrocarbons
    • General methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones
    • Other methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones
    • Preparation of aldehydes only from esters
  • Preparation of Aldehydes 
    • From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
    • From nitriles and esters
    • From hydrocarbons - By oxidation of methylbenzene, By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis, By Gatterman – Koch reaction
  • Preparation of Ketones 
    • From acyl chlorides
    • From nitriles
    • From benzene or substituted benzenes
  • Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 

    Mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions, Reactivity,  Some important examples of nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions

  • Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reduction 

    Reduction to alcohols, Reduction to hydrocarbons

  • Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Oxidation 

    Tollens’ test, Fehling’s test, Oxidation of methyl ketones by haloform reaction

  • Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to A-hydrogen 

    Acidity of α-hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones, Aldol condensation, Cross aldol condensation

  • Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Other Reactions 

    Cannizzaro reaction, Electrophilic substitution reaction

• Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 
• Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 
• Introduction of Carboxylic Acids 

  ^
  

• Carboxylic Acids 
  • Nomenclature 
  • Structure of the Carboxyl group 
  • Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 
    • From primary alcohols and aldehydes
    • From alkylbenzenes
    • From nitriles and amides
    • From Grignard reagents
    • From acyl halides and anhydrides
    • From esters
  • Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of O-H Bond 

    Acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies

  • Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of C-OH Bond 

    Formation of anhydride, Esterification, Reactions with PCl₅, PCl₃ and SOCl₂, Reaction with ammonia

  • Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving –COOH Group 

    Reduction, Decarboxylation

  • Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part 

    Halogenation, ring substitution

• Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 
• Uses of Carboxylic Acids 

• Aldehydes and Ketones:- Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes: uses.
• Carboxylic Acids:- Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
  properties; uses.

• Introduction of Amines 
• Structure of Amines 
• Classification of Amines 
• Amines 
  • Nomenclature 

    Amines

  • Preparation of Amines 

    Preparation of Amines - by reduction of nitro compounds, by ammonolysis of alkyl halides, by reduction of nitriles, by reduction of amides, by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and by Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction

    • By ammonolysis of alkyl halides
    • Reduction of nitrocompounds
    • Reduction of alkyl cyanide (alkanenitriles)
    • By reduction of amides
    • Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
    • By Hofmann degradation (Hofmann rearrangement / Hofmann bromamide
      degradation / Hofmann hypobromite degradation)
  • Chemical Reactions of Amines - Basic Character of Amines 

    Structure - basicity relationship of amines (Alkanamines versus ammonia, Arylamines versus ammonia)

  • Chemical Reactions of Amines - Alkylation and Acylation 
  • Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction 

    aniline

  • Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid 
  • Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Arylsulphonyl Chloride 
  • Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution 

    Bromination, Nitration and Sulphonation

  • Uses 

    Amines

  • Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines 
• Physical Properties of Amines 
  • Intermolecular forces, boiling points and solubility
• Cyanides and Isocyanides 
• Introduction of Diazonium Salts 
• Diazonium Salts 
  • Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts 

    Preparation of diazonium salts by reaction of Aniline and nitrous acid

  • Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Displacement of Nitrogen 

    Replacement by halide or cyanide ion, Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, Replacement by iodide ion, Replacement by fluoride ion, Replacement by H, Replacement by hydroxyl group, Replacement by –NO₂ group

  • Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Retention of Diazo Group Coupling Reactions 
  • Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds 
• Physical Properties of Diazonium Salts 
• Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Numericals 

• Amines:- Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
• Cyanides and lsocyanides:- will be mentioned at relevant places in text.
• Dtazontum salts:- Preparation, chemical reactions andimportance in synthet c organic chemistry.

• Introduction of Carbohydrates 
• Classification of Carbohydrates 

  aldoses and ketoses

  Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides

• Carbohydrates 
  • Monosaccahrides 

     D-l Configuration

  • Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose (Cane Sugar) and Starch 
  • Structures of Glucose 

    Open and cyclic

  • Structure of Fructose 
  • Disaccharides - Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose 
  • Polysaccharides - Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen 
  • Oligosaccharides 

    sucrose, lactose, maltose

  • Polysaccharides 

    starch, cellulose, glycogen

• Importance of Carbohydrates 
• Introduction of Proteins 
• Proteins 
  • Amino Acids 

    Elementary idea of α -amino acids
    

  • Classification of Amino Acids 

    essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids

  • Structure of Proteins 

    peptide linkage, polypeptides
    

    Fibrous proteins

    Globular proteins
    

    structure of amines-primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures

    
    

  • Denaturation of Proteins 
  • Peptide 
  • Lipids and Hormones 

    elementary idea

• Introduction of Enzymes 
• Enzymes 
  • Mechanism of Enzyme Action 
• Introduction of Vitamins 
• Vitamins 
  • Classification of Vitamins 
• Introduction of Nucleic Acids 

  DNA and RNA

• Nucleic Acids 
  • Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids 
  • Structure of Nucleic Acids 
  • Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids 
• Biomolecules Numericals 

• Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configurat on oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.
• Proteins - Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea on y), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementaryidea excluding structure.
• Vitamins - Classification and functions.
• Nucleic Acids:- DNA and RNA.

• Introduction of Polymers 
• Polymers 
  • Classification of Polymers Based on Source 

    Natural polymers, Semi-synthetic polymers, Synthetic polymers

  • Classification of Polymers Based on Structure 

    Linear polymers, Branched chain polymers, Cross linked or Network polymers

  • Classification of Polymers Based on Mode of Polymerisation 

    Addition polymers, Condensation polymers

  • Classification of Polymers Based on Molecular Forces 

    Elastomers, Fibres, Thermoplastic polymers, Thermosetting polymers

  • Classification of Polymers Based on Growth Polymerisation 
  • Some Important Polymers 
    • Rubber
    • Polythene
    • Teflon
    • Polyacrylonitrile
    • Polyamide polymers
    • Polyesters
    • Phenol - formaldehyde and related polymers
    • Buna-S rubber
    • Neoprene
    • Viscose rayon
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation Or Chain Growth Polymerisation 

  Free radical mechanism, Preparation of some important addition polymers - Polythene(Low density and High density polythene), Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) and Polyacrylonitrile

• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation 

  Polyamides (Preparation of nylons - Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6), Polyesters, Phenol - formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers) and Melamine – formaldehyde polymer

• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation 
• Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber 

  Natural rubber (Vulcanisation of rubber), Synthetic rubbers (Preparation of Synthetic Rubbers - Neoprene, Buna – N)

• Molecular Mass of Polymers 
• Biodegradable Polymers 

  Poly β-hydroxybutyrate – co-β-hydroxy valerate (PHBV), Nylon 2–nylon 6

• Polymers of Commercial Importance 

  Polypropene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Urea-formaldehyle Resin, Glyptal, Bakelite

• Polymers Numericals 

Classification 

• natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers:
• natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber.
• Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

• Drugs and Their Classification 
• Drug-target Interaction - Enzymes as Drug Targets 

  Catalytic action of enzymes, Drug-enzyme interaction

• Drug-target Interaction - Receptors as Drug Targets 
• Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antacids 
• Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antihistamines 
• Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Neurologically Active Drugs 

  Tranquilizers, Analgesics

• Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antimicrobials 

  Antibiotics, Antiseptics and disinfectants

• Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antifertility Drugs 
• Chemicals in Food - Artificial Sweetening Agents and Food Preservatives 
• Cleansing Agents - Soaps 
• Cleansing Agents - Synthetic Detergents 
• Chemistry in Everyday Life Numericals 

• Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
• Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
• Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.