Biology Class 11 CBSE (Science) CBSE Topics and Syllabus

• What is Living 
  • Meaning and Definition of Living and Characteristics of Life
  • All living organisms grow,Reproduction, metabolism, cellular organisation
• Diversity in the Living World 
  • biodiversity
  • nomenclature
  • identification
  • Generic name and the specific epithet
  • Binomial nomenclature
  • classification
  • taxonomy,systematics
  • Characterstic features of living organisms
• Taxonomic Categories 
  • Introduction-taxonomic category, taxonomic hierarchy
  • Species
  • Genus
  • Family
  • Order
  • Class
  • Phylum
  • Kingdom
• Taxonomical Aids 

  Tools for study of taxonomy :- Museums, Zoological parks, Herbaria, Botanical gardens, Key

• Three Domains of Life 
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
• The Living World (Prbolems, Questions, Numericals) 

• What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-museums, zoological parks, herbaria, botanical gardens.

• Introduction of Biological Classification 
• Five Kingdom Classification 

  Classification of living organisms

• Kingdom Monera 
  • Salient features and classification of Monera
  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria :-Mycoplasma, Chemosynthetic autotrophic,Heterotrophic bacteria
• Kingdom Protista 
  • Salient features and classification of Protista
  • Chrysophytes
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Euglenoids
  • Slime Moulds
  • Protozoans
• Kingdom Fungi 
  • Salient features and classification of Fungi 
  • Introduction - yeast,Penicillium,mycorrhiza
  • Phycomycetes
  • Ascomycetes
  • Basidiomycetes
  • Deuteromycetes
• Kingdom Plantae 
  • Salient features and classification of Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia 

  Salient features and classification of Animalia

• Viruses, Viroids and Lichens 
  • Definitions, characters, types with examples, Economic importance and list of viral diseases
• Biological Classification (Problems) 

• Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.

• Introduction of Plant Kingdom 
  • natural classification systems, phylogenetic classification systems
• Concept of Algae 
  • characteristics (morphology, common name, major pigments, stored food, composition of cell wall, flagellar number and position of insertion, habitat, mode of sexual reproduction – isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous) and examples of Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae; Economic importance of algae
  • zoospores, isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous, algin, carrageen,The algae are divided into three main classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae
  • Chlorophyceae - green algae
  • Phaeophyceae - brown algae
  • Rhodophyceae - red algae
• Concept of Bryophyta 
  • general characteristics, distinctive features of liverworts and mosses; graphic outline of life cycle of Funaria with reference to alternation of generations.
  • Economic Importance of Bryophytes
  • Introduction - gametophyte, antheridium, antherozoids, sporophyte,he bryophytes are divided
  • Liverworts - gemmae (sing. gemma). Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds
  • Mosses - protonema,leafy stage
    
• Pteridophyta 
  • characteristics; classification into classes:- psilopsida (Psilotum), lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), sphenopsida (Equisetum) and pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris and Adiantum). Graphic outline of life cycle of a typical pteridophyte (fern). Definition of homospory and heterospory with relevant examples. Economic importance.
  • sporophylls,prothallus,homosporous,heterosporous,seed habit
• Gymnosperms 
  • Naked seed producing Plants
  • general characteristics and graphic outline of life cycle of a typical gymnosperm (Pinus).
  • Economic importance.
  • mycorrhiza,Gymnosperms:(a) Cycas(b) Pinus (c) Ginkgo
• Angiosperms 
  • Classification Upto Class, Characteristic Features and Examples
  • flowers, dicotyledons, monocotyledons,double fertilisation
• Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations 
  • Comparison of life cycle patterns of different plant groups (haplontic, diplontic and haplo-diplontic)
• Classification System - Artificial and Natural 
• Phylogenetic Classification System 
• Sub Classification of Plantae 
• Phanerogams 

• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms - classification upto class, characteristic features and examples.

• Introduction of Animal Kingdom 

  Salient Features and Classification of Animals

• Basis of Classification 
  • Levels of organisation

  1. Cellular level of organisation
  2. Tissue level of organisation
  3. Organ system level of organisation

  • Diploblastic and Triploblastic organisation
  • Patterns of symmetry
  • Coelom
  • Segmentation and Notochord
• Classification of Animals (Non-chordata) 
  • five distinguishing characters with two examples of Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda (Aschelminthes), Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata
  • Phylum – Porifera - Examples of Porifera : (a) Sycon (b) Euspongia (c) Spongilla
  • Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria) - Examples of Coelenterata indicating outline of their body form : (a) Aurelia (Medusa) (b) Adamsia (Polyp)
  • Phylum – Ctenophora - sea walnuts or comb jellies
  • Phylum – Platyhelminthes -  Tape worm and Liver fluke
  • Phylum – Aschelminthes - Aschelminthes– Roundworm
  • Phylum – Annelida -  Nereis  and Hirudinaria
  • Phylum – Arthropoda - Locust, Butterfly, Scorpion, Prawn
  • Phylum – Mollusca - Pila, Octopus
  • Phylum – Echinodermata - Asterias, Ophiura
  • Phylum – Hemichordata - Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus
• Classification of Animals - Phylum – Chordata 
  • sub-classification of Chordata with reference to notochord - sub phyla Urochordata, Cephalochordata. Vertebrata (classes – cyclostomata, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves and mammalia) – three distinguishing characters with two examples of each).
  • Phylum – Chordata-Class – Cyclostomata :- jawless vertebrate - Petromyzon
  • Phylum – Chordata-Class – Chondrichthyes :-  Scoliodon and Pristis
  • Phylum – Chordata-Class – Osteichthyes :-Examples of Bony fishes : (a) Hippocampus (b) Catla
  • Phylum – Chordata-Class – Amphibia :- Salamandra and Rana
  • Phylum – Chordata-Class – Reptilia :-  Chameleon, Crocodilus, Chelone, Naja
  • Phylum – Chordata-Class – Aves :- Neophron, Struthio, Psittacula, Pavo
    
  • Phylum – Chordata-Class – Mammalia :- Ornithorhynchus, Macropus, Pteropus, Balaenoptera
• Animal Construction 

  Animal construction :- body plan (cell aggregate plan, blind-sac plan and tube-within-tube plan), symmetry (spherical, radial and bilateral symmetry), coelom development (diploblastic and triploblastic organisation in animals, acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate and haemocoelomate), segmentation

• Animal Kingdom (Questions) 

• Salient features and classification of animals non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level (three to five salient features and at Least two examples of each category).

• Concept of Root 
  • primary root, secondary, tertiary, etc. roots,tap root system,fibrous root system, adventitious roots
  • Regions of the Root
  • Modifications of Root
• Stem and Modifications of Stems 
• Concept of Leaf 
  • Introduction - axillary bud,leaf base,pulvinus,lamina or the leaf blade
  • Venation - Structure of a leaf : (a) Parts of a leaf(b) Reticulate venation(c) Parallel venation
  • Types of Leaves - Compound leaves : (a) pinnately compound leaf(b) palmately compound leaf
  • Phyllotaxy - Different types of phyllotaxy : (a) Alternate (b) Opposite(c) Whorled
  • Modifications of Leaves - Modifications of leaf for : (a) support: tendril (b) protection:spines (c) storage: fleshy leaves
  • Characteristics of leaf
  • Functions of the leaf
  • Parts of the leaf

  1. Leaf base (hypopodium)
  2. Petiole (stipe or mesopodium)
  3. Lamina (Leaf blade)
• Concept of Inflorescence 
  • Racemose inflorescence
  • Cymose inflorescence
  • Mixed Inflorescence
  • Special Inflorescence
  • Types of Inflorescence
  • Based on branching pattern and other characters
• Concept of Flower 
  • Whorls of flower
  • Flower sex
  • Plant sex
  • Flower symmetry
• Flower - Parts of a Flower 
  • Calyx
  • Corolla
  • Androecium
  • Gynoecium
• Concept of Fruit 
  • parthenocarpic, pericarp, epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp
• Seed - Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed 
• Seed - Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed 
• Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant 
• Plant Forms and Functions 
  • Some Important Families 
    • Fabaceae
    • Solanaceae
    • Liliaceae
• Morphology and Modifications - Tissues 

• Morphology and modifications:- Tissues

• Types of Plant Tissues: Meristematic Tissues 

  A. Characteristics and classification of Meristem

  1. Origin

  2. Position

  3. Function

• Types of Plant Tissues: Permanent Tissues 

  A. Simple permanent tissues - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

  B. Complex permanent tissues - Xylem, Phloem

• Tissue System 
  • Epidermal Tissue System 
    • Introduction
    • Leaf Epidermis
    • Subsidiary Cells
    • Epidermal Outgrowths
    • Prickles
  • Ground Tissue System 
  • Vascular Tissue System 
• Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants 
  • Dicotyledonous Root 
  • Monocotyledonous Root 
  • Dicotyledonous Stem 
  • Monocotyledonous Stem 
  • Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf 
  • Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf 
• Secondary Growth 
  • Vascular Cambium 
    • Formation of cambial ring
    • Activity of the cambial ring
    • Spring wood and autumn wood
    • Heartwood and sapwood
  • Cork Cambium 
  • Secondary Growth in Roots 
• Anatomy and Functions of Different Parts of Flowering Plants 

  Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant experiment of the Practical Syllabus).

• Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant experiment of the Practical Syllabus).

• Animal Tissues - Epithelial Tissues 
  1. Simple epithelial tissue
     1. Squamous epithelial tissue
     2. Cuboidal epithelial tissue
     3. Columnar epithelium
     4. Ciliated epithelium
     5. Glandular epithelium
     6. Sensory epithelial tissue
     7. Germinal epithelial tissue
  2. Compound epithelial tissue
     a. Stratified epithelium
     b. Transitional epithelium

  • Cell junctions 
    Types of Cell junction
    - Tight junctions (TJs)
    - Hemidesmosomes (HDs)
    - Gap Junctions (GJs)
    - Adherens Junctions (AJs)
    - Desmosomes (Ds)
• Animal Tissues - Connective Tissue 
  1. Connective Tissue Proper
     1. Areolar tissue (Areola: air pockets)
     2. Adipose tissue (adipo: fat)
  2. Dense Connective Tissue
  3. Supporting Connective Tissue - Cartilage, Hyaline cartilage (Hyline: Glass-like), Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Calcified cartilage, Bone
  4. Fluid Connective tissue (Vascular)
• Animal Tissues - Muscular Tissue 
  • Types of Muscular Tissue

  • Skeletal muscles,
  • Smooth or Non-striated muscles,
  • Cardiac Muscles
• Animal Tissues - Neural Tissue 
  • Nervous Tissue
  • Based on their functions, Neurons are classified into three types - Afferent Neuron, Efferent Neuron, Interneuron or association neuron
  • Based on the number of processes given out from cyton, neurons are classified into three types - Unipolar/Monopolar Neuron, Bipolar Neuron, Multipolar Neuron
• Earthworm - Lampito Mauritii 
  • Morphology 

    Morphology - (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of EARTHWORM

  • Anatomy 
    • Anatomy of EarthWorm
• Cockroach - Periplaneta Americana 
  • Morphology of Cockroach 
  • Anatomy of Cockroach 

    Anatomy and Functions of Different Systems of an Insect (Cockroach) (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive)

• Frog - Rana Hexadactyla 
  • Morphology (Frog) 
  • Anatomy (Frog) 
    • Anatomy and Functions of Different Systems of an Frog (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive)
• Introduction of Structural Organisation in Animals 
• Glands 

  Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

• Types of Junctions 

  (tight, adhering and gap junctions)

• Structural Organisation in Animals (Questions) 

• Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach).

• Concept of Cell 
  • Totipotency
• Overview of Cell 
• Cell Theory 
  • Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
  • Exception to Cell Theory 
  •  Protoplasm Theory
  • Cell sizes and shapes
• Concept of Prokaryotic Cells 
• Prokaryotic Cells - Cell Envelope and Its Modifications 
• Prokaryotic Cells - Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies 
• Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 
• Eukaryotic Cells 
  • Cell Membrane 
  • Cell Wall 
  • Endomembrane System 
    • The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Lysosomes
    • Vacuoles
  • Mitochondria 
    • Structure of mitochondrion (Longitudinal section)
  • Plastids 
  • Ribosomes 
  • Cilia and Flagella 
  • Centrosome and Centrioles 
  • Cytoskeleton 
  • Nucleus 
    • Chromosomes
  • Microbodies 
• Plant Cell and Animal Cell 
• Structure and Functions of Cell Envelope, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cell Organelles 

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life:- Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

• Analyse - Chemical Composition 
• Primary and Secondary Metabolites 
  • Organic Molecules
• Biomacromolecules 
  • macromolecules or biomacromolecules
• Concept of Polysaccharides 
• Concept of Proteins 
  • Classification of Amino acids
  • Structure of Protein
  • Protein Denaturation
  • Protein Bonding
  • Test for Proteins
• Nucleic Acids 
  • Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
  • Structure and function of DNA. Differences between DNA and RNA.
  • Formation of Dinucleotide and Polynucleotide
  • Types of RNA molecules
  • Double strand helix structure of DNA
  • Biological functions of nucleic acids
• Structure of Proteins 

  Structure and Function of Proteins

  amino acids – (structure: glycine, alanine, serine)

  amino acids as zwitter-ion

  examples of acidic, basic, neutral, sulphur containing amino acids

  essential and nonessential amino acids

  levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

  functions of proteins

• Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer 
• Dynamic State of Body Constituents – Concept of Metabolism 
• Metabolic Basis for Living 
• The Living State 
• Concept of Enzymes 
• Enzymes - Chemical Reactions 
• Enzymes - High Rates of Chemical Conversions 
• Nature of Enzyme Action 
• Enzymes - Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 
  • Factors affecting Enzyme Activity - Temperature, pH, substrate concentration
• Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes 
• Enzymes - Co-factors 
• Introduction of Biomolecules 
• Chemical Constituents of Living Cells 
• Structure and Function of Carbohydrates 

  General classification and functions of:- monosaccharides (glucose, ribose and deoxyribose), disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose), polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, inulin, and chitin).

• Structure and Function of Lipids 

  classification, structure and functions of fats and oils

• Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, types, properties, enzyme action.

• Introduction of Cell Division 
  • Amitosis (Direct Cell Division)
  • Mitosis
  • Closed and Open Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis
  • Significance of Mitosis
  • Meiosis

  • Meiosis I-Reduction Division

  • Significance of Meiosis
• Phases of Cell Cycle 
  • Interphase, M Phase (Mitosis phase),G1 phase (Gap 1), S phase (Synthesis), G2 phase (Gap 2)
• M Phase 
  • Prophase 
  • Metaphase 
  • Anaphase 
  • Telophase 
  • Cytokinesis 
• Significance of Meiosis 
  • Meiosis and their significance
• Meiosis - Meiosis I 
• Meiosis - Meiosis II 
• Significance of Mitosis 
• Cell Cycle 
  • Interphase
  • G₁-phase
  • G₀ Phase
  • S-phase
  • G₂ phase
  • M-phase or period of division
  • Duration of Cell Cycle

• Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

• Introduction of Transport in Plants 
• Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients 
• Cell to Cell Transport 
  • Passive Transport

  • Characteristics of diffusion
  • Significance of diffusion in Plants

  1. Channel Protein
  2. Carrier Protein

  • Active Transport
• Means of Transport 
  • Diffusion 
  • Facilitated Diffusion 
  • Comparison of Different Transport Processes 
• Absorption and Conduction of Water and Minerals in Plants 
  • Active Transport 
• Plant-water Relations 
  • Concept of Plant-water Relations 
  • Osmosi 
  • Plasmolysis 
  • Imbibition 
• Water Potential (ψ) 
  • Solute Potential
  • Pressure Potential
• Introduction of Long Distance Transport of Water 
• Long Distance Transport of Water 
  • Plants Absorb Water 
    • apoplast pathway
    • symplast pathway
  • Water Movement up a Plant 
    • Root Pressure and Guttation
    • Transpiration pull
• Concept of Transpiration 
  • Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface Tension
  • Types of Transpiration

  1. Cuticular transpiration
  2. Lenticular transpiration
  3. Stomatal transpiration

  • Structure of Stomata
  • Mechanism of Stomatal Movement
  • Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration
  • Plant Antitranspirants
  • Guttation
  • Measurement of Transpiration
  • Significance of transpiration
• Transpiration - Transpiration and Photosynthesis – a Compromise 
• Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients 
  • Uptake of Mineral Ions 
  • Translocation of Mineral Ions 
• Phloem Transport - Flow from Source to Sink 
• Phloem Transport - Pressure Flow Or Mass Flow Hypothesis 
• Opening and Closing of Stomata 
• Diffusion of Gases 
• Transport in Plants (Numericals) 

• Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to cell transport, Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations, lmbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport of water-Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; transpiration, opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food, phloem transport, massflow hypothesis; diffusion of gases.

• Introduction of Mineral Nutrition 
• Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants 
• Elementary Idea of Hydroponics 
• Essential Mineral Elements 
  • Criteria for Essentiality 
  • Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role 
    • Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Potassium,Calcium,Magnesium,Sulphur,Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Boron, Molybdenum, Chlorine
  • Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements 
  • Toxicity of Micronutrients 
• Mechanism of Absorption of Elements 
• Translocation of Solutes 
• Nitrogen Metabolism 
• Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements 
• Metabolism of Nitrogen 
  • Nitrogen Cycle 
    1. Nitrogen fixation
    2. Physical Nitrogen fixation
    3. Biological Nitrogen fixation
    4. Nitrification
    5. Symbiotic N₂ fixation
    6. Ammonification
    7. Nitrogen assimilation
    8. Amino Acid synthesis
    9. Reductive amination
    10. Transamination
    11. Amides
    12. Denitrification
    13. Sedimentation
  • Biological Nitrogen Fixation 
• Nitrogen to Ammonia Conversion and Nitrogenase 
• Mineral Nutrition (Questions) 

• Essential minerals, macro- and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

• Early Experiments - (Photosynthesis) 
  • Photosynthesis in Higher Plants (Introduction and Experiments)
• Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place 
• Pigments Are Involved in Photosynthesis 
  • difference between chlorophyll ‘a’&‘b’, carotenoids and xanthophyll
  • Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary Idea)
• Concept of Light Reaction 
  • Reaction centre
  • Photosystems I and II
• Concept of Electron Transport 
• Electron Transport - Splitting of Water 
• Electron Transport - Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation 
  • Light-dependent Reactions (Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation)
• Electron Transport - Chemiosmotic Hypothesis 
• ATP and NADPH Used 
  • Primary Acceptor of CO2 
  • Calvin Cycle 
• The C4 Pathway 
  • Hatch and Slack Pathway
• Photorespiration 
• Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 
  1. External Factors 
     Light
     Carbon dioxide
     Temperature
     Water
  2. Internal Factors
  3. Blackman’s law of limiting factors
  4. Significance
• Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition 
• Chloroplast Structure 
• Site of Photosynthesis 
• Light-independent Reactions 
• Photosynthesis Reaction 
• Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis 

  C3 and C4 pathways

• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants (Questions) 

• Photosynthesis as a mean of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.

• Introduction of Respiration in Plants 
• Plants Breathe 
• Glycolysis 
  • Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis
• Fermentation 
  • Fermentation (Anaerobic)
• Oxidation of Pyruvate 
• Conept of Aerobic Respiration 
  • Conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl CoA
  • Krebs Cycle ( TCA cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle)
  • Amphibolic Pathway
  • Electron Transport chain (Electron transfer system) - Significance of ETS
• Aerobic Respiration - Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 
• Aerobic Respiration - Electron Transport System (Ets) and Oxidative Phosphorylation 
• Respiratory Balance Sheet 
• Amphibolic Pathways 
• Respiratory Quotient 
  • Respiratory Quotient of Nutrients
• Exchange of Gases - in Plants 
• Energy Relations - Number of ATP Molecules Generated 
• Respiration in Plants (Questions) 

• Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations · number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient.

• Introduction of Plant Growth and Development 
• Growth 
  • Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate 
    • Determinate and Indeterminate Growth
  • Phases of Plant Growth 
    • The phase of cell division/ formation
    • The phase of cell enlargement/ elongation
    • The phase of Cell maturation/ differentiation
  • Plant Growth Rate 
  • Conditions of Growth 
• Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation 
• Concept of Development 
  • Sequence of Developmental Processes in a Plant Cell
• Plant Growth Regulators 
  • Characteristics of Growth Regulators 
    • Kinetics of growth
  • Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators 
  • Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators 
    • Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid, 
• Photoperiodism 
  1. Short Day Plants (SDP)
  2. Long Day Plants (LDP)
  3. Day Neutral Plants (DNP)
  4. Phytochrome

  • Classification of plants based on Photoperiodism
  • Photoperiodic induction
  • Site of Photoinductive perception
  • Importance of photoperiodism
• Vernalisation 
• Tropic Movements in Plants 
• Seed Germination 
• Seed Dormancy 
• Plant Growth and Development (Questions) 

• Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation; photoperiodism.

• Digestion and Absorption Introduction 
• Alimentary Canal 
  • Serosa
  • Muscularis 
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa
• Digestive Glands 
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
• Digestion of Food 
• Absorption of Digested Products 
  • Absorption of substances takes place in different parts of the alimentary canal, like mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
• Disorders of Digestive System 
  • Nutritional and Digestive Disorders - PEM, Indigestion, Constipation, Vomiting, Jaundice, Diarrhoea
• Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones 
• Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats 
• Digestion and Absorption Questions 
• Calorific Values of Proteins 
• Calorific Values of Carbohydrates 
• Calorific Values of Fats 
• Egestion 

• Alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.

[Part (A) will be assessed through OTBA whereas from the Part (B), there will be usual conceptual question in year end examination.]

• Introduction of Breating and Exchange of Gases 
• Respiratory Organs 
  • Respiratory Organs in Animals
  • gills, lungs
• Respiratory Organs - Human Respiratory System 
  • pharynx, trachea, sound box, bronchi, bronchioles,alveoli
• Mechanism of Breathing 
  • Mechanism of Breathing and Its Regulation in Humans
  • Respiratory volumes and capacities
• Respiratory Volumes and Capacities 
  • Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV),Residual Volume (RV), Inspiratory Capacity (Ic), Expiratory Capacity (EC), Functional Residual Capacity (FRC), Vital Capacity (VC), Total Lung Capacity
• Exchange of Gases 
  • Exchange of Gases - in Humans
• Transport of Gases - Transport of Oxygen 
• Transport of Gases - Transport of Carbon Dioxide 
• Regulation of Respiration 
• Disorders of Respiratory System 
  • Disorders Related to Respiration - Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational Respiratory Disorders
• Breating and Exchange of Gases (Questions) 

• Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration · asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders.

[Part (A) will be assessed through OTBA whereas from the Part (B), there will be usual conceptual question in year end examination.]

• Introduction of Body Fluids and Circulation 
• Composition of Blood: Plasma 
• Blood 
  • Blood Groups 
    • ABO grouping
    • Rh Grouping, Rh Incompatibility
• Coagulation of Blood 
• Lymph (Tissue Fluid) 
  • Composition of Lymph and Its Function
• Circulatory Pathways 
  • Human Circulatory System 
    • Circulatory System in Animals, Humans and Structure of Human Heart and Blood Vessels
    • Origin and conduction of heart beat 
    • Cardiac Cycle
    • Cardiac output

    • Blood Pressure

    • Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    • P Wave (Atrial depolarisation)
    • PQ Interval (AV node delay)
    • QRS Complex (Ventricular depolarisation)
    • ST Segment 
    • T wave (Ventricular repolarisation)
  • Cardiac Cycle 
  • Electrocardiograph (ECG) 
• Double Circulation 
• Regulation of Cardiac Activity 
• Disorders of Circulatory System 
  • Disorders of Circulatory System - Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease, Angina Pectoris and Heart Failure
• Cardiac Output 
• Compatibility of Antigen 
• Body Fluids and Circulation (Questions) 

• Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.

[Part (A) will be assessed through OTBA whereas from the Part (B), there will be usual conceptual question in year end examination.]

• Human Excretory System 
  • Malpighian Tubule
  • Structure of kidney
  • Structure of a nephron
• Urine Formation 
  1. Ultrafiltration / Glomerular filtration
  2. Selective reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion / Augmentation
• Function of the Tubules 
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  • Henle’s Loop, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
• Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate 
• Regulation of Kidney Function 
  • Regulation of Kidney Function - Reninangiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes Inspidus
• Concept of Micturition 
• Role of Other Organs in Excretion 
  • Skin
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Lungs
• Disorders of the Excretory System 

  Disorders - uremia, hemodialysis, renal failures, Renal calculi, Glomerulonephritis, Nephritis

• Modes of Excretion - Ammonotelism 
• Modes of Excretion - Ureotelism 
• Modes of Excretion - Uricotelism 
• Osmoregulation 
• Dialysis and Artificial Kidney 
• Excretory Products and Elimination Questions 

• Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system - structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders - uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney.

[Part (A) will be assessed through OTBA whereas from the Part (B), there will be usual conceptual question in year end examination.]

• Introduction of Locomotion and Movement 
• Types of Movement 

  Ciliary, Flagellar, Muscular and Amoeboid

• Concept of Muscle 
  • Muscle - Skeletal Muscle, Contractile Proteins and Muscle Contraction
  • Skeletal muscles, Visceral muscles, smooth muscles (nonstriated muscle).
• Structure of Contractile Proteins 
• Mechanism of Muscle Contraction 
• Skeletal System 
  • Skeletal System and Its Functions
• Joints 
• Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System 
  • Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System - Myasthenia Gravis, Tetany, Muscular Dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout
• Locomotion and Movement (Questions) 

• Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal system - myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.

[Part (A) will be assessed through OTBA whereas from the Part (B), there will be usual conceptual question in year end examination.]

• Neural System 
  • Neuron and Nerves
• Human Neural System 
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Visceral Nervous System
• Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System 
• Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse 
• Transmission of Impulses 
• Concept of Central Neural System (CNS) 
  • Brain

  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain

  •  Spinal cord
• Reflex Action and Reflex Arc 

  Voluntary and involuntary actions – meaning with examples.

  Diagrammatic explanation of the reflex arc, showing the pathway from receptor to effector.

  Differences between natural and acquired reflex

• Sensory Perception 
• Sense Organs 
• Sensory Reception and Processing 
  • Eye - Parts of an Eye 
    • Elementary Structure and Functions of Eye
    • sclera.,cornea,choroid,ciliary body, iris, lens, pupil, retina,rods and cones, optic nerves, blind spot, fovea, aqueous chamber.vitreous chamber
  • Eye - Mechanism of Vision 
    • opsin, retinal, visual
  • Concept of the Ear 
    • Elementary Structure and Functions of Ear
    • pinna,external auditory meatus,tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window ,Eustachian tube, abyrinth,cochlea
  • The Ear - Mechanism of Hearing 
• Neural Control and Coordination Questions 

• Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs; elementary structure and functions of eye and ear.

[Part (A) will be assessed through OTBA whereas from the Part (B), there will be usual conceptual question in year end examination.]

• Introduction of Chemical Coordination and Integration 
• Endocrine Glands and Hormones 
• Endocrine System 
  • The Hypothalamus 
  • The Pituitary Gland 
  • The Pineal Gland 
  • Thyroid Gland 
  • Parathyroid Gland 
  • Thymus 
  • Adrenal Gland 
  • Pancreas 
  • Testis 
  • Ovary 
• Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract 
• Mechanism of Hormone Action 
  • Mechanism of Hormone Action (Elementary Idea)
• Role of Hormones as Messengers and Regulators 
• Hypo and Hyperactivity and Related Disorders - Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, Goiter, Exophthalmic Goiter, Diabetes, Addison'S Disease 
• Chemical Coordination and Integration (Questions) 

• Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease.
• Note: Diseases related to all the human physiological systems to be taught in brief.

[Part (A) will be assessed through OTBA whereas from the Part (B), there will be usual conceptual question in year end examination.]