CBSE Syllabus For Class 11 Biology: Knowing the Syllabus is very important for the students of Class 11. Shaalaa has also provided a list of topics that every student needs to understand.
The CBSE Class 11 Biology syllabus for the academic year 2023-2024 is based on the Board's guidelines. Students should read the Class 11 Biology Syllabus to learn about the subject's subjects and subtopics.
Students will discover the unit names, chapters under each unit, and subtopics under each chapter in the CBSE Class 11 Biology Syllabus pdf 2023-2024. They will also receive a complete practical syllabus for Class 11 Biology in addition to this.
CBSE Class 11 Biology Revised Syllabus
CBSE Class 11 Biology and their Unit wise marks distribution
CBSE Class 11 Biology Course Structure 2023-2024 With Marking Scheme
Syllabus
- What is ‘Living’?
- What is ‘Living’?
- Characteristics of living organisms
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Cellular structure
- Response to stimuli (Consciousness)
- Homeostasis
- Metabolism
- Difference between anabolism and catabolism
- Diversity in the Living World
- Diversity in the Living World
- Biodiversity
- Types of Biodiversity
- Genetic Biodiversity
- Species Biodiversity
- Ecological Biodiversity
- Diversity in the Living World
- Biodiversity
- Identification
- Nomenclature - Binomial Nomenclature
- Classification - Taxonomy and Systematics
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms
- Species
- Genus
- Family
- Order
- Class
- Phylum
- Kingdom
- Taxonomical Aids
- Taxonomical Aids
- Usage of Taxonomical Aids
- Herbarium
- Botanical Gardens
- Biological museums
- Zoological Parks
- Key
- Molecular taxonomy
- Automated species identification tools
- Biological Classification
- Biological classification
- Dichotomous key
- Features of dichotomous key
- Dichotomy of Animals
- History of Classification
- History of Classification
- Aristotle
- Theophrastus
- John Ray
- Carolus Linnaeus
- Ernst Haeckal
- Herbert F. Copeland
- R.H.Whittaker
- Carl Woese
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Five kingdom classification
- Merits of five kingdom classification
- Demerits of five kingdom classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Monera
- Bacteria
- Characteristic features of Kingdom Monera
- Structure of a bacterium cell
- Bacteria
- Bacteria - Bacteria Friends or Foes?
- Bacteriology - Milestones in Bacteriology
- Characteristic features of Bacteria
- Habitat
- Size and Shape
- Cellular Structure
- Nutrition
- Locomotion
- Life Cycle
- Reproduction
- Classification of Bacteria
- Classification of bacteria:
- Based on the shape -
(i) Bacillus (Rod-shaped)
(ii) Spirilla or spirochete (Spiral)
(iii) Coccus (Sphere)
(iv) Vibrio (Comma-shaped)
(v) Stalked
(vi) Budded - Based on number and arrangement of flagella -
(i) Monotrichous
(ii) Lophotrichous
(iii) Amphitrichous
(iv) Peritrichous
(v) Atrichous - Based on the Composition of the Cell Wall -
(i) Peptidoglycan cell wall
(ii) Lipopolysaccharide cell wall - Based on the Mode of Nutrition -
(i) Autotrophic Bacteria
(ii) Heterotrophic Bacteria - Based on the Mode of Respiration -
(i) Anaerobic Bacteria
(ii) Aerobic Bacteria
- Structure of Bacteria
- Structure of Bacteria -
- Capsule/Glycocalyx
- Cell wall
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleoid
- Plasmids
- Flagella
- Pili or Fimbriae
- Bacterial chromosome
- Mesosomes
- Polysomes / Polyribosomes
- Kingdom Monera
- Division of Kingdom Monera
- Division of Kingdom Monera
- Sub-kingdom: Archaebacteria
- Sub-Kingdom: Eubacteria
- Phylum Cyanobacteria
- Phylum Anaerobic Phototrophic Bacteria
- Phylum Prochlorophyta
- Phylum Schizophyta
- Examples of Kingdom Monera
- Examples of Kingdom Monera
- Mycoplasma or Mollicutes
- Actinomycetes (Actinobacteria)
- Division of Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Protista
- Characteristics of Kingdom Protista
- Classification of Kingdom Protista
- Major Groups of Protists
- Chrysophytes
- Dinoflagellates
- Euglenoids
- Slime moulds
- Protozoans
(i) Flagellated Protozoans
(ii) Amoebid Protozoans
(iii) Sporozoans
(iv) Ciliated Protozoans
- Protozoa
- Protozoa
- Protozoology - Milestones in Protozoology
- Characteristics of Protozoa
- Habitat
- Size and Shape
- Cellular Structure
- Nutrition
- Locomotion
- Life Cycle
- Reproduction
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Fungi
- Characteristics of Fungi
- Division of Kingdom Fungi
- Division: Gymnomycota
- Division: Mastigomycota
- Division: Amastigomycota
- Classes: Oomycetes
- Classes: Zygomycetes
- Classes: Ascomycetes
- Classes: Basidiomycetes
- Classes: Phycomycetes
- Form class: Deuteromycetes
- Fungi
- Fungi - World War II and Penicillin History speaks on fungi
- Mycology - Milestones in Mycology
- General characteristic features
- Habitat
- Size and Shape
- Cellular Structure
- Nutrition
- Locomotion
- Life Cycle
- Reproduction
- Reproduction in Fungi
- Methods of reproduction in fungi
- Vegetative Reproduction of Fungi
(a) Fragmentation
(b) Budding
(c) Fission - Asexual Reproduction of Fungi
(a) Zoospores
(b) Conidia
(c) Oidia/ Thallospores/ Arthrospores
(d) Fission
(e) Budding
(f) Chlamydospore - Sexual Reproduction of Fungi
(a) Planogametic copulation
(b) Gametangial contact
(c) Gametangial copulation
(d) Spermatization
(e) Somatogamy
- Structure of Fungi
- Structure of Fungi
- Spores
- Yeast
- Mould
- Life Processes in Fungi: Nutrition
- Life processes in Fungi: Nutrition
- Parasites
- Saprophytes
- Symbionts
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae
- Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Sub-kingdom Cryptogamae
(a) Division Thallophyta
(b) Division Bryophyta
(c) Division Pteridophyta - Sub-kingdom Phanerogamae
(a) Gymnosperm
(b) Angiosperms
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Alternation of Generation
- Haplontic Life Cycle
- Diplontic Life Cycle
- Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Animalia
- Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
- Viruses
- Viruses
- Virology
- Milestones in Virology
- Size and Shape
- Characteristic Features of Viruses
- Structure and Function of Viruses
- Structure and Function of Viruses
- Bacteriophage
- Tobacco mosaic virus
- HIV
- Viroids
- Prions
- Lichens
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae
- Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Sub-kingdom Cryptogamae
(a) Division Thallophyta
(b) Division Bryophyta
(c) Division Pteridophyta - Sub-kingdom Phanerogamae
(a) Gymnosperm
(b) Angiosperms
- Systems of Plant Taxonomy
- Systems of Plant Taxonomy
- Artificial system of Plant classification
- Natural system of Plant classification
- Phylogenetic system of classification
(a) Numerical Taxonomy
(b) Cytotaxonomy
(c) Chemotaxonomy - Modern system of classification
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Alternation of Generation
- Haplontic Life Cycle
- Diplontic Life Cycle
- Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
- Thallophyta
- Thallophytes
- Characteristics of Thallophyta
- Division of Thallophyta: Algae and Fungi
- Algae
- Algae
- Algology - Milestones in algology (Phycology)
- Characteristics of algae
- Classification of algae
(i) Chlorophyceae
(ii) Phaeophyceae
(iii) Rhodophyceae
- Bryophytes: Amphibians of Plant Kingdom
- Bryophytes: Amphibians of Plant Kingdom
- Characteristic of Bryophytes
- Classification of Bryophytes - Liverworts and Mosses
- Pteridophytes: Seedless Vascular Cryptogams
- Pteridophytes: Seedless Vascular Cryptogams
- Characteristic of Pteridophytes
- Gymnosperms: Naked Seed Producing Plants
- Gymnosperms: Naked seed-producing Plants
- Characteristic of Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms
- Angiosperms
- Characteristics of Angiosperms
- Classification of Angiosperms - Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Animalia
- Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
- New Criteria for Basis of Classification
- Levels of organisation
- Cellular level of organisation
- Tissue level of organisation
- Organ system level of organisation
- Diploblastic and Triploblastic organisation
- Patterns of symmetry
- Coelom
- Segmentation and Notochord
- Classification of Kingdom Animalia
- Parazoa
- Eumetazoa
- Radiata
- Bilateria
- Division 1: Protostomia
- Division 2: Deuterostomia
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Non Chordates (Invertebrata)
- Chordates
- Chordata: Prochordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
- Comparison of chordates and non-chordates
- Phylum: Chordata
- Chordata
- Sub phylum - Urochordata
- Sub phylum - Cephalochordata
- Subphylum Prochordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Non Chordates (Invertebrata)
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Plant Morphology
- Plant morphology
- Classification of plant morphology
- Vegetative morphology
Component of vegetative morphology
(a) Habit
(b) Plant habitat
(c) Life Span - Reproductive Morphology
- Parts of a flowering plant
- Root System
- Root system
- Characteristic of the root system
- Type of Root:
1) Primary root
2) Secondary root - Regions of root
1) Meristematic Zone
2) Zone of Elongation
3) Zone of Maturation - Types of the root system
1) Tap root system
2) Fibrous root system
3) Adventitious root system - Functions of root
1) Primary function
2) Secondary function - Modifications of root
- The Leaf
- The Leaf
- Characteristics of leaf
- Functions of the leaf -
1) Primary functions
2) Secondary functions - Parts of the leaf -
1) Leaf base (hypopodium)
2) Petiole (stipe or mesopodium)
3) Lamina (Leaf blade) - Venation -
1) Reticulate venation
2) Parallel venation - Phyllotaxy -
1) Alternate Phyllotaxy
2) Opposite Phyllotaxy
3) Ternate phyllotaxy
4) Whorled (verticillate) type of phyllotaxy - Leaf mosaic
- Types of Leaves -
1) Simple leaf
2) Compound leaf - Pinnately and palmately compound leaf - Modifications of Leaves
1) Leaf tendrils
2) Leaf hooks
3) Leaf Spines and Prickles
4) Storage Leaves
5) Phyllode
6) Pitcher
7) Bladder
8) Floral leaves - Leaf duration - Caducuous (Fagacious), Deciduous, Evergreen and Marcescent
- Shoot System
- The steam
- Characteristic features of the stem
- Functions of the stem
(i) Primary functions
(ii) Secondary functions - Buds
- Types of Stem - Excurrent, Decurrent, Caudex, and Culm
- Modification of Stem
1) Aerial modification of stem
2) Subaerial stem modifications
3) Underground stem modifications
4) Stem Branching
- The Inflorescence
- Inflorescence
- Types of Inflorescence
1) Based On Position - Terminal, Auxillary, and Cauliflorous
2) Based on branching pattern and other characters -Indeterminate (Racemose), Determinate (Cymose), Mixed inflorescence and Special inflorescence - Racemose Inflorescence
1) Main axis elongated - Simple raceme, Spike, Spikelet, Catkin, Spadix and Pancile
2) Main axis shortened - Corymb, Umbel
3) Main axis flattened - Head, - Cymose inflorescence -
1) Simple cyme (solitary)
2) Monochasial Cyme (uniparous) - Helicoid and Scorpioid
3) Simple dichasium (Biparous)
4) Compound dichasium:
5) Polychasial Cyme (multiparous) - Mixed Inflorescence
1) Thyrsus
2) Verticillaster - Special Inflorescence
1) Cyathium
2) Hypanthodium
3) Coenanthium
- The Flower
- Flower
- Whorls of flower - Complete and Incomplete
- Flower sex
1) Perfect or bisexual
2) Imperfect or unisexual: Staminate and Pistillate flowers - Plant sex
1) Hermaphroditic
2) Monoecious
3) Dioecious
4) Polygamous - Flower symmetry
1) Actinomorphic (or) radial or polysymmetric
2) Zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) or monosymmetric
3) Asymmetric (amorphic) - Types of Flower
1) Types of flower depending upon the number of floral appendages
i) Trimerous
ii) Tetramerous
iii) Pentamerous
2) Types of flowers depending on presence of bracts
i) Bracteate
ii) Ebracteate
3) Types of flower based on the position of calyx, corolla and androecium in respect of the ovary on thalamus
i) Hypogynous
ii) Perigynous
iii) Epigynous
- Parts of Flower
- The Fruit
- The Fruits - Pomology
- Structure of Fruit - Pericarp, epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp.
- Types of Fruits
1) Simple fruits
a) Fleshy Fruit
b) Dry Fruit
2) Aggregate Fruit
3) Multiple Fruit - Parts of a typical fruit
a) Pericarp
b) Seeds
c) Drupe - Function of Fruits
- The Seed
- The seed
- Types of seed
A) Based on the number of cotyledons two types of seeds are recognized.
(i) Dicotyledonous seed
(ii) Monocotyledonous seed
B) Based on the presence or absence of the endosperm the seed is of two types.
(i) Albuminous or Endospermous seed
(ii) Ex-albuminous or non- endospermous seed - Significance of Seeds
- Classification and Structure of Seeds
- Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant
- Plant Forms and Functions
- Description of Some Important Families
- Description of some important families
- Fabaceae
- Solanaceae
- Liliaceae
- Description of Some Important Families
- Anatomy and Functions of Different Parts of Flowering Plants
Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant experiment of the Practical Syllabus).
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Classification of Meristem
- Primordial meristem or promeristem
- Apical meristems
- Intercalary meristematic
- Lateral meristem
- Function of Meristem
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Tissue System
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Introduction
- Leaf Epidermis
- Subsidiary Cells
- Epidermal Outgrowths
- Prickles
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants
- Secondary Growth
- Vascular Cambium
- Formation of cambial ring
- Activity of the cambial ring
- Spring wood and autumn wood
- Heartwood and sapwood
- Vascular Cambium
- Introduction of Structural Organisation in Animals
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue
- Location and Structure
- Types of Epithelial Tissue
- Simple epithelium Tissue
1. Squamous epithelial tissue
2. Cuboidal epithelial tissue
3. Columnar epithelium
4. Ciliated epithelium
5. Glandular epithelium
6. Sensory epithelial tissue
7. Germinal epithelial tissue - Compound epithelial tissue
a. Stratified epithelium
b. Transitional epithelium
- Cell junctions
Types of Cell junction
- Tight junctions (TJs)
- Hemidesmosomes (HDs)
- Gap Junctions (GJs)
- Adherens Junctions (AJs)
- Desmosomes (Ds)
- Connective Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Types of connective tissue
- Loose connective tissue
1) Areolar tissue
2) Adipose tissue - Dense connective tissue
1) Dense regular connective tissues
2) Dense irregular connective tissues - Specialised (supporting) connective tissue
1) Cartilage
a) Hyaline cartilage
b) Elastic cartilage
c) Fibrocartilage
d) Calcified cartilage
2) Bone
3) Blood - Fluid Connective tissue (Vascular)
- Muscular Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Types of muscles
1) Skeletal muscles
2) Smooth or Non-striated muscles,
3) Cardiac Muscles
- Neural Tissues
- Neural Tissue
- Neurons
- Epithelial Tissue
- Earthworm - Lampito Mauritii
- Earthworms
- Classification of earthworm
- Economic importance of earthworm
- Anatomy of Earthworm
- Anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- Circulatory system
- Nervous system
- Excretory system
- Reproductive system
- Life cycle
- Cockroach - Periplaneta Americana
- Anatomy of Cockroach
- Anatomy and functions of different systems of cockroach
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- Circulatory system
- Nervous system
- Excretory system
- Reproductive system
- Anatomy of Cockroach
- Frog - Rana Hexadactyla
- Anatomy of Frog
- Anatomy and functions of different systems of frog
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Blood-Vascular System
- Nervous System
- Excretory system
- Reproductive system
- Anatomy of Frog
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- Cell
- Totipotency
- Experiment: Microscopic examination of onion peel.
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
- Exception to Cell Theory
- Protoplasm Theory
- Cell sizes and shapes
- Overview of Cell
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Cell Numbers
- Cell Size
- Smallness of cells: A Greater Efficiency
- Cell Shapes: To suit Functional Requirement
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Endomembrane System
- The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Mitochondria
- Structure of mitochondrion (Longitudinal section)
- Nucleus
- Chromosomes
- Endomembrane System
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Structure and Functions of Cell Envelope, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cell Organelles
- How to Analyse Chemical Composition?
- Primary and Secondary Metabolites
- Biomacromolecules
- The acid-soluble pool (Filtrate)
- Types of Biomolecules
- Micromolecules
- Macromolecules
- Polysaccharides
- Proteins
- Proteins
- Based on our nutritional requirements, amino acids are classified as:
1) Non-essential amino acids
2) Essential amino acids - Functions of proteins
- Bonding and protein structure
1) Peptide bond of proteins or polypeptides - Classification of proteins
1) Primary (Basic) structures
2) Secondary structure
3) Tertiary structure
4) Quaternary structure - Amino acids
- Biomolecules in the Cell
- Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides
- Structure of DNA
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- DNA double helix
- Types of RNA molecules
- Biological functions of nucleic acids
- Enzymes
- Enzymes
- Properties of Enzymes
- Nucleic Acids
- Structure of Proteins
Structure and Function of Proteins
amino acids – (structure: glycine, alanine, serine)
amino acids as zwitter-ion
examples of acidic, basic, neutral, sulphur containing amino acids
essential and nonessential amino acids
levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)
functions of proteins
- Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer
- Dynamic State of Body Constituents – Concept of Metabolism
- Metabolic Basis for Living
- The Living State
- Enzymes - Chemical Reactions
- Enzymes - High Rates of Chemical Conversions
- Nature of Enzyme Action
- Purely proteinaceous enzymes
- Conjugated enzymes
- Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
- Enzymes - Co-factors
- Biomolecules in Living System
- Chemical Constituents of Living Cells
- Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates
- Classification of carbohydrates
- Structure and Function of Lipids
classification, structure and functions of fats and oils
- Introduction of Cell Division
- Amitosis (Direct Cell Division)
- Mitosis
- Closed and Open Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Meiosis I-Reduction Division
- Significance of Meiosis
- Phases of Cell Cycle
- Phases of cell cycle
- Interphase
1) G1 phase (Gap 1): Quiescent stage or G0 Phase
2) S phase (Synthesis)
3) G2 phase (Gap 2) - Mitosis or M-phase
- M Phase
- Significance of Meiosis
- Meiosis I
- Meiosis I or reduction division
- Stages of Meiosis: Interphase and Karyokinesis
i) Interphase
ii) Karyokinesis
a) Prophase I: Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I - Cytokinesis
- Interkinesis
- Meiosis II
- Meiosis II
- Phases of Meiosis II
- Karyokinesis
a) Prophase II
b) Metaphase II
c) Anaphase II
d) Telophase II - Cytokinesis II
- Significance of Mitosis
- Cell Cycle
- Introduction of Transport in Plants
- Movement of Water, Gases and Nutrients
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Passive Transport
- Characteristics of diffusion
- Significance of diffusion in Plants
- Channel Protein
- Carrier Protein
- Active Transport
- Means of Transport in Plants
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Passive symports and antiports
- Active Transport
- Active absorption
- Types of Active absorption:
- Osmotic absorption
- Non-osmotic absorption
- Turgidity and Flaccidity (Plasmolysis)
- Turgidity
- Plasmolysis
- Flaccidity
- Uses of Turgidity of plants
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Plant-water Relations
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Chemical potential
- Water Potential (ψ)
- Factors affecting water absorption
- Introduction of Long Distance Transport of Water
- Long Distance Transport of Water
- Plants Absorb Water
- apoplast pathway
- symplast pathway
- Water Movement up a Plant
- Root Pressure and Guttation
- Transpiration pull
- Plants Absorb Water
- Transpiration
- Transpiration
- Demonstration of Transpiration
- Exchange of Gases
- Transpiration - Transpiration and Photosynthesis – a Compromise
- Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients
- Translocation of Mineral Ions
- Phloem Transport - Flow from Source to Sink
- Phloem Transport - Pressure Flow Or Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Opening and Closing of Stomata
- Diffusion of Gases
- Transport in Plants (Numericals)
- Introduction of Mineral Nutrition
- Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants
- Hydroponics
- Elementary Idea of Hydroponics
- Essential Mineral Elements
- Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role
- Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Potassium,Calcium,Magnesium,Sulphur,Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Boron, Molybdenum, Chlorine
- Macro and Micro Nutrients and Their Role
- Mechanism of Absorption of Elements
- Translocation of Solutes
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrogen fixation
- Nitrogen assimilation
- Ammonification
- Nitrification
- Denitrification
- Human impacts on the nitrogen cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Metabolism of Nitrogen
- Nitrogen to Ammonia Conversion and Nitrogenase
- Mineral Nutrition (Questions)
- Early Experiments on Photosynthesis
- Priestley's experiment
- Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place?
- Light Reactions
- Dark Reaction
- Pigments Are Involved in Photosynthesis
- difference between chlorophyll ‘a’&‘b’, carotenoids and xanthophyll
- Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary Idea)
- Role of Sunlight in Photosynthesis
- Light Dependent Reaction (Hill Reaction \ Light Reaction)
- Reaction centre
- Photosystems I and II
- Light Dependent Reaction (Hill Reaction \ Light Reaction)
- Electron Transport
- Photoexcitation of PS-II
- Electron transport system
- Photoexcitation of PS-I
- The Z-Scheme
- Electron Transport - Photolysis / Splitting of Water
- Electron Transport - Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
- Photophosphorylation
- Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
- Cyclic Photophosphorylation
- Electron Transport - Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- ATP and NADPH Used
- The Calvin Cycle
- The Calvin Cycle
- Three phases of the Calvin cycle
- Carboxylation
- Reduction
- Regeneration
- The Calvin Cycle
- The C4 Pathway
- C4 Plants
- Characteristics of C4 plants
- Kranz Anatomy
- The C4 Pathway
- Diagramatic representation of the Hatch and Slack pathway
- Photorespiration
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Blackman - Law of limiting factors
- Factors affecting photosynthesis
- External Factors:
1) Availability of sunlight
2) Temperature
3) Water
4) Humidity
5) CO2 Concentration [atmospheric]
6) O2 availability - Internal Factors:
1) Number of leaves
2) Size of leaves
3) Leaf age
4) Orientation of leaves
5) Mesophyll cells and chloroplasts
6) Internal CO2 concentration
7) Anatomy of leaf
- Photosynthesis as a Mean of Autotrophic Nutrition
- Chloroplast Structure
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Light-independent Reactions
- Photosynthesis Reaction
- Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis
C3 and C4 pathways
- Photosynthesis in Higher Plants (Questions)
- Plants Breathe
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Glycolysis
- Glycolysis Pathway
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Fermentation
- Process of Fermentation
- Types of Fermentation
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Alcohol Fermentation
- Acetic acid Fermentation
- Butyric acid Fermentation
- Advantages of Fermentation
- Oxidation of Pyruvate
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Types of cellular respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration in plant/animal
- Anaerobic respiration in plant/animal
- Differences in anaerobic respiration in plants and animals
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle Or Kreb’s Cycle)
- TCA Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
- Steps of TCA Cycle
- Phases of Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation Steps
- Respiratory Balance Sheet
- Amphibolic Pathways
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
- Exchange of Gases - in Plants
- Energy Relations - Number of ATP Molecules Generated
- Respiration in Plant
- Do plants breathe?
- The process of respiration in plants
- Respiration in roots
- Respiration in stems
- Respiration in leaves
- Types of respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic Respiration
- Introduction of Plant Growth and Development
- Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
- Characteristics of Growth in plants:
1) Indeterminate or continuous growth
2) Localised growth
- Characteristics of Growth in plants:
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Phases of Plant Growth
- Phase of cell division/ formation (Meristematic Phase)
- Phase of cell enlargement/ elongation (Elongation Phase)
- Phase of Cell maturation/ differentiation (Maturation Phase)
- Plant Growth Rate
- Growth Rates
1) Arithmetic growth
2) Geometric growth - Growth curve:
a) Lag Phase
b) Log Phase
c) Stationary Phase - Absolute and Relative growth rate
- Growth Rates
- Conditions for Plant Growth
- Conditions for growth
- External conditions
a) Nutrients
b) Water
c) Oxygen
d) Optimum temperature
e) Light and Gravity
f) Seasonal conditions - Internal conditions
- Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
- Concept of Development
- Sequence of Developmental Processes in a Plant Cell
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Characteristics of Growth Regulators
- Kinetics of growth
- Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators
- Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid,
- Characteristics of Growth Regulators
- Photoperiodism
- Photoperiodism
- Short Day Plants (SDP)
- Long Day Plants (LDP)
- Day Neutral Plants (DNP)
- Phytochrome
- Vernalisation
- Vernalisation
- Kinds of varieties
1) Spring variety
2) Winter variety
- Co-ordination in Plant: Tropism in Plants
- Immediate Response to Stimulus
- Movement Due to Growth
- Phototropism
- Geotroplsm
- Hydrotroplsm
- Thigmotropism
- Chemotropism
- Seed Germination
- Seed Dormancy
- Speed dormancy
- Factors causing dormancy
- Measures to overcome dormancy
- Plant Growth and Development (Questions)
- Introduction of Digestion and Absorption
- Alimentary Canal
- Alimentary canal
- The human alimentary canal consists following parts:
- Buccal (oral) cavity
a) Mouth
b) Teeth - thecodont, Diphyodont, enamel, Types of Teeth: Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars, Dental Formula → Arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw
c) Tongue - Pharynx
- Oesophagus (food pipe)
- Stomach: Cardiac region, Fundic region, Body (Main central region), Pyloric region.
- Small Intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, IIleum
- Large Intestine: Caccum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal
- Anus: Wall of Alimentary canal
i) Serosa
ii) Muscularis
iii) Submucosa
iv) Mucosa
- Digestive Glands
- Digestive Glands
- Salivary gland:
a) Parotid gland
b) Subligual gland
c) Submaxillary/ Submandibular gland - Liver
- Gall bladder
- Pancreas
- Digestion of Food
- Absorption of Digested Products
- Absorption of substances takes place in different parts of the alimentary canal, like mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
- Disorders of the digestive system
- Inflammation of the intestinal tract
- Jaundice
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Constipation
- Indigestion
- PEM (Protein-energy malnutrition)
- Kwashiorkar
- Marasmus
- Role of Digestive Enzymes and Gastrointestinal Hormones
- In Buccal Cavity: Constituents of saliva, Salivary amylase, Lysozyme
- In Stomach:
a) Gastric glands: Chief/ peptic (zymogen cells), Oxyntic/ parietal cells, Mucus neck cells, Gastric Juice, gastric secretion - In Small Intestine: Intestinal juice (Succus entericus)
a) Role of bite in fat digestion
b) Role of Pancreatic Juice
⇒ In carbohydrate digestion
⇒ In protein digestion
⇒ In fat digestion
⇒ In Nucleic acid digestion
c) Role of intestinal juice indigestion
⇒ In carbohydrate digestion
⇒ In protein digestion
⇒ In fat digestion
⇒ In Nucleic acid digestion - Large Intestine
⇒ Neural and hormonal control on digestion process
- Peristalsis, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats
- Absorption
- It is carried out by various processes:
- Passive Absorption
⇒ Process
a) Simple diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Facilitated transport - Active absorption
- Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol
- Absorption in different parts of the alimentary canal
- Assimilation
- Digestion and Absorption Questions
- Calorific Values of Proteins
- Calorific Values of Carbohydrates
- Calorific Values of Fats
- Egestion of Food
- Introduction of Breating and Exchange of Gases
- Respiratory Organs
- Respiratory Organs in Animals
- gills, lungs
- Human Respiratory System
- Conducting Part:
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory Part
- External Nostrils
- Nasal Chamber
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Lungs: Bronchi and Alveoli
- Stages of respiration in human being involve
- Breathing – Respiratory Cycle
- Inspiration (Inhalation)
- Expiration (Exhalation)
- Exchange of gases in the Alveoli
- Difference between inhalation and exhalation
- Differences between breathing and respiration
- Model to show mechanism of breathing
- Control of breathing movements
- Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Tidal Volume (TV)
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Residual Volume (RV)
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
- Expiratory Capacity (EC)
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Vital Capacity (VC)
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
- Exchange of Gases
- Exchange of Gases - in Humans
- Transport of Gases - Transport of Oxygen
- Transport of Gases - Transport of Carbon Dioxide
- Regulation of Respiration
- Neural control
1) Respiratory rhythm centre
2) Pneumotaxic centre - Chemical Control
1) Chemosensitive Area
2) Chemoreceptors
- Neural control
- Disorders of Respiratory System
- Disorders of the respiratory system
1) Asthma
2) Emphysema
3) Occupational respiratory disorders
- Disorders of the respiratory system
- Breating and Exchange of Gases (Questions)
- Introduction of Body Fluids and Circulation
- Composition of Blood: Plasma (The Liquid Portion of Blood)
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Blood Donation
- From where the blood is supplied for blood transfusion?
- Blood banks
- Blood donor
- Blood recipient
- ABO System and Rh system
- Rh factor in pregnancy
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Blood clotting in a test tube
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Composition of Lymph
- Functions of Lymph
- Circulatory Pathways
- Human Circulatory System
- Circulatory System in Animals, Humans and Structure of Human Heart and Blood Vessels
- Origin and conduction of heart beat
- Cardiac Cycle
- Cardiac output
- Blood Pressure
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- P Wave (Atrial depolarisation)
- PQ Interval (AV node delay)
- QRS Complex (Ventricular depolarisation)
- ST Segment
- T wave (Ventricular repolarisation)
- Human Circulatory System
- Double Circulation
- Pulmonary Circulation
- Systematic Circulation
- Hepatic Portal System
- Coronary System
- Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- Disorders of Circulatory System
- Disorders of the Circulatory System:
- Hypertension/ High blood pressure: Normal blood pressure
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Atherosclerosis
- Angina / Angina pectoris
- Heart Failure: Myocardial infarction (Heart failure), Cardiac arrest, Heart attack, Stroke
- Rheumatoid Heart Disease
- Cardiac Output
- Compatibility of Antigen
- Body Fluids and Circulation (Questions)
- Human Excretory System
- Kidneys
- Sweat glands
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
- Lungs
- Kidneys
⇒ V.S. of kidney shows that there are two distinct regions:
1) Renal Cortex
2) Renal Medulla - Nephron
⇒ Structure of nephron: Glomerulus, Renal Tubule
1) Bowman's capsule (Glomerular capsule)
2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
3) Loop of Henle
4) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
5) Collecting tubule (CT)
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Ultrafiltration
- Reabsorption
- Tubular secretion (Renal Secretion)
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- Collecting duct
- Function of the Tubules
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Henle’s Loop, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Osmoregulation
- Regulation of Kidney Function
- Renin-Angiotensin,
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
- ADH and Diabetes Inspidus
- Micturition
- Urine
- Accessory Excretory Organs
- Excretory role of skin
- Excretory role of lungs
- Excretory role of liver
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
- Kidney stones
- Uremia
- Nephritis
- Renal Failure
- Diabetes
- Urinary tract infection
- Haemodialysis
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Kidney transplant
- Renal Calculi
- Glomerulonephritis
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Modes of Excretion
- Ammonotelism
- Ureotelism
- Uricotelism
- Nephridiopores
- Types of nephridia
- Protonephridia
- Metanephridia
- Osmoregulation
- Dialysis and Artificial Kidney
- Introduction of Excretory Products and Their Elimination
- Introduction of Locomotion and Movement
- Movements
- Locomotion
- Locomotary movements
- Significance of locomotion
- Types of Movement
- Types of movement
1) Amoeboid movement
2) Ciliary movement
3) Muscular movement
- Types of movement
- Muscles
- Muscles
- Properties of muscles
- Classification of muscles
- Based on their location
(i) Skeletal muscles
(ii) Visceral muscles
(iii) Cardiac muscles - Based on their appearance
(i) Striated muscles
(ii) Smooth muscles - Based on nature
(i) Voluntary muscles
(ii) Involuntary muscles
- Structure of Contractile Proteins
- Structure of Contractile Proteins
- Actin filament
- Myosin filament
- Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
- Mechanism of muscle contraction
- Steps of muscle contraction
- Skeletal System
- Skeletal System and Its Functions
- Joints and Its Classification
- Joints
- Classification of joints
- Fibrous Joint
- Cartilaginous Joint
- Synovial Joint
⇒ Types of synovial joints
a) Ball and Socket Joint
b) Hinge Joint
c) Pivot Joint
d) Gliding Joint
e) Saddle Joint
- Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
- Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System -
- Myasthenia gravis
- Tetany
- Muscular dystrophy
- Arthritis
- Osteoporosis
- Gout
- Locomotion and Movement (Questions)
- Human Neural System
- Neuron (Or Nerve Cell) and Its Types
- Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
- Neuron consists of three parts: Cell body, axon and dendrites
- Structure of the neuron
1) Cell body (Cyton)
2) Axon - Neuron-muscular junction, synaptic knob, neurotransmitters
⇒ Types of axons:
a) Myelinated nerve fibres: Schwann cells, Nodes of Ranvier
b) Non-myelinated nerve fibres
3) Dendrites - Types based on the number of axons and dendrites
(i) Unipolar
(ii) Bipolar
(iii) Multipolar
- Transmission of Nerve Impulse
- Transmission of Nerve Impulse
- Generation of nerve impulse
- Depolarization
- Re-polarization
- Neurotransmitters
- Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
- Concept of Central Neural System (CNS)
- Brain
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
- Spinal cord
- Reflex and Reflex Action
- Reflexes
- Types of actions
- Voluntary actions
- Involuntary actions
- Sensory Perception
- Sense Organs
- Sense Organs (Receptors)
- Olfactory receptors
- Gustatory receptors
- Classification of Receptors
(i) Thermoreceptors
(ii) Tactile receptors / Tangoreceptors
(iii) Chemoreceptors
(iv) Phonoreceptors
(v) Statoreceptors
(vi) Photoreceptors
(vii) Pain receptors / Nociceptors
(viii) Proprioceptors
- Human Eye: Structure of the Eye
- The eyes - Photoreceptor: Rod cell and cone cell
- External structure of an Eye
- Sclera
- Conjunctiva
- Cornea
- Iris
- Pupil
- The internal structure of an Eye
- Lens
- Retina
- Optic nerve
- Aqueous Humour
- Vitreous Humour
- Sensory Reception and Processing
- Eye - Mechanism of Vision
- opsin, retinal, visual
- Eye - Mechanism of Vision
- Human Ear
- Structure of Human Ear
- Mechanism of Human ear
- Neural Control and Coordination Questions
- Introduction of Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Human Endocrine System
- Human Endocrine System
- The hormones at a glance
- Human Endocrine Glands
- The Hypothalamus
- The Hypothalamus: Neurosecretory cells
- Hormones produced by hypothalamus are of two types:
(i) Releasing hormones
(ii) Inhibiting hormones
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Pituitary gland
- Division of pituitary gland
(i) Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary): Pars distalis, pars tuberalis
(ii) Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary): Pars nervosa, infundibulum, MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone) - Hormones of adenohypophysis/ hormones of pars distalis:
(i) Growth Hormone (GH)
(ii) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(iii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
(iv) Prolactin
(v) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
(vi) Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Hormones of neurohypophysis
- The Pineal Gland
- Pineal gland
- Function of melatonin
- Thyroid Gland
- Thyroid gland: Isthmus, Follicles and stromal tissues, tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyrocalcitonin (TCT), Iodine
- Functions of thyroid hormones
- Parathyroid Gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Functions of parathyroid hormone
- Thymus Gland
- Thymus gland
- Function of thymosins
- Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland)
- Adrenal Gland
- Hormones and functions of adrenal gland
(i) Adrenal cortex: Zona reticularis, Zona Fasciculata
(ii) Adrenal medulla: Adrenaline, Nor-adrenaline, Catecholamines, emergency hormones or hormones of fight or flight
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans): α-cells and β-cells
(i) Insulin
(ii) Glucagon - Other hormone secreting cells of islets of Langerhans
(i) Delta or D cells
(ii) F cells
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans): α-cells and β-cells
- Testis
- Testes
- Functions of hormones
- Ovary
- Ovary
- Functions of oestrogen
- Functions of progesterone
- Inhibin
- Relaxin
- The Hypothalamus
- Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract
- Hormones are also secreted by some tissues which are not endocrine glands:
1) Heart
2) Kidney
3) Gastro-intestinal tract: Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
- Hormones are also secreted by some tissues which are not endocrine glands:
- Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Hormones and their types
- Target cells have specific receptors
- Role of Hormones as Messengers and Regulators
- Types of effects of hormones regulate metabolism and body functions
1) Permissive effect
2) Synergistic effect
3) Antagonistic effect
- Types of effects of hormones regulate metabolism and body functions
- Hypo and Hyperactivity and Related Disorders
- Gigantism
- Acromegaly
- Pituitary dwarfism
- Diabetes insipidus
- Graves' disease (Exophthalmic goiter)
- Cretinism
- Goitre
- Addison's disease
- Diabetes mellitus
- Chemical Coordination and Integration (Questions)