Biology HSC Science (General) 11th Standard Maharashtra State Board Syllabus 2026-27

• What is ‘Living’?
• Characteristics of living organisms

1. Growth
2. Reproduction
3. Cellular structure
4. Response to stimuli (Consciousness)
5. Homeostasis
6. Metabolism

• Difference  between anabolism and catabolism

• Taxonomical Aids
• Usage of Taxonomical Aids

1. Herbarium
2. Botanical Gardens
3. Biological museums
4. Zoological Parks
5. Key
6. Molecular taxonomy
7. Automated species identification tools

• Taxonomy

• Artificial
• Natural
• Phylogenetic

• Three Domains of life

• Domain Archaea
• Domain Bacteria
• Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

• Taxon

• Species
• Genus
• Family
• Cohort/Order
• Class 
• Division/Phylum
• Sub-kingdom
• Kingdom

• Kingdom Monera - Archebacteria, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma
• Kingdom Protista - Plant like protista, Animal like Protista, Dinoflagellates, Fungi like protista, Euglenoids
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Fungi - Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes
• Kingdom Animalia

• Viruses - Types of viruses
• Viroids
• Lichens

• Division: Thallophyta
  1) Chlorophyceae (green algae)
  2) Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
  3) Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
• Bryophyta (Bryon: moss; phyton: plant) 
  1) Liverworts (Hepaticeae)
  2) Mosses (Musci)
• Pteridophyta (Pteron: feather, phyton: plant)

• Gymnospermae (Gymnos: naked, sperma: seed)
• Angiospermae (Angios: enclosed:  vessel, Sperma: seed)
• Angiosperms are subdivided into two classes: Dicotyledonae, Monocotyledonae

• Types of the life cycle - Diplontic, Haplontic, and Haplo-Diplontic.

• Cell aggregate plan
• Blind sac body plan
• Tube within the tube body plan

• Phylum: Porifera (Pori-pores; Feron-bearing)
• Phylum: Cnidaria
• Phylum: Ctenophora
• Phylum: Platyhelminthes (platy -flat, helminth -worms)
• Phylum: Aschelminthes (ascus-sac, helminth-worm) / Nemathelminthes (NEMA-thread)
• Phylum: Annelida (Annulus: Ring)  
• Phylum: Arthropoda (Atheros: Joint, Podos: leg)
• Phylum: Mollusca (Mollis: soft)
• Phylum: Echinodermata (Echinus - Spines, derma - skin)
• Phylum: Hemichordata (Hemi: Half, Chordata: Rod)
• Phylum: Chordata
  a) Subphylum: Urochordata or Tunicata
  b) Subphylum: Cephalochordata
  c) Subphylum: Vertebrata -
  1. Division: A Gnathostomata
  2. Division: Gnathostomata
  i) Superclass: Pisces
  - Class Chondrichthyes: (chondron: cartilage, ichthyes: fish)
  - Class: Osteichthyes (Osteon: bone, ichthyes: fish) 
  ii) Superclass: Tetrapod
  - Class: Amphibia (Amphi: both, bias: life)
  - Class: Reptilia (Repere: to creep or to crawl)
  - Class: Aves (Avis: bird)
  - Class: Mammalia (mammae: breasts, nipples)

• Key Points: Cell

• Explanation
• Example

Components of Eukaryotic cell:

1. Cell wall
2. Cell membrane / Plasma membrane/ biomembrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
5. Golgi complex
6. Lysosomes
7. Vacuoles
8. Glyoxysomes
9. Mitochondria (Singular: Mitochondrion)
10. Plastids
11. Ribosomes
12. Nucleus
13. Cytoskeleton

• Lipids

1. Saturated fatty acids
2. Unsaturated Fatty Acids 

• Simple Lipids
• Compound lipids
• Sterols
• Biological importance of lipids

• Enzymes
• Properties of Enzymes

1. Purely proteinaceous enzymes
2. Conjugated enzymes

• Oxidoreductases 
• Transferases 
• Hydrolases
• Lyases 
• Isomerases 
• Ligases or Synthetases

• Lock and Key model
• Induced Fit model (Flexible Model)

• Metabolism
• Types of pathways

1. Catabolic pathways
2. Anabolic pathway

• Definition: Cell Cycle
• Key Points: Cell Cycle

• Key Points: Cell Division

• Introduction
• Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues

• Introduction
• Types of Meristematic Tissue

1. Epidermal tissue system
2. Ground tissue system
3. Vascular tissue system

• Introduction to Tissue System, Types and Characteristics of tissue System

• Formation of cambial ring
• Secondary growth in roots

1. Anatomy of Dicot Root
2. Anatomy of monocot root
3. Anatomy of Dicot Stem (Sunflower)
4. Anatomy of Monocot Stem
5. Anatomy of Leaf
   V. S. of Typical dicot leaf - Upper epidermis, Mesophyll, Vascular system, Lower epidermis
6. Isobilateral Leaf - A typical monocot leaf

• Angiosperms
• Activity
• Classification of Angiosperms

A. Root:

• Typical Root Structure
• Function of Root
• Types of Root -  Tap root, Adventitious roots,
• Modification of root - Modifications of tap root, For Respiration
• Modifications of Adventitious Roots -
  a) Food storage
  b) For mechanical support
  1. Prop roots
  2. Stilt roots
  3. Climbing roots
  4. Clinging Roots
  5. Plank Roots/Buttresses
  6. Buoyont roots
  c) For special functions 
  1. Epiphytic roots
  2. Sucking roots or Haustoria

B. Stem:

• Modifications of stem
  a. Underground stem
  1. Rhizome
  2. Stem Tuber
  3. Bulb
  4. Corm
  b. Subaerial stem
  1. Trailer
  2. Runner 
  3. Stolons
  4. Sucker
  5. Offset
  c. Aerial modification
  1. Thorn
  2. Phylloclade
  3. Cladodes
  4. Cladophylls
  5. Bulbils
  

C. Leaf

1. Typical leaf structure
   Leaf base
   Petiole or mesopodium
   Lamina or epipodium
2. Leaf venation
3. Types of leaf
   a. Pinnately compound
   b. Palmately compound
4. Modification of leaves
   a. Leaf spines
   b. Leaf tendril
   c. Leaf hooks
   d. Phyllode
5. Phyllotaxy

D. Inflorescence

• Types of inflorescence - Racemose, Cymose
  

E. Flower 

1. Insertion of floral whorls - Hypogyny, Perigyny, Epigyny.
2. Floral parts and their structure
   1. Calyx (K) 
   2. Corolla (C) - Perianth (P), Aestivation, Epicalyx
   3. Androecium (A)
   Typical stamen shows three different parts: Anther, Filament, Connective
   4. Gynoecium (G)
   - Placentation
   - Types of Placentation: Marginal, Axile, Parietal, Basal, Free central.

F. Fruit

G. Seed

• Fabaceae 
• Solanaceae

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Genus
• Species

• Shape and size
• Coloration
• Exoskeleton
• Body Division
• Head
  1. Antennae
  2. Fenestrae
  3. Compound eyes
  4. Mouth parts
  i. Labrum (Upper lip) 
  ii. Mandibles (True jaws)
  iii. Maxillae (Accessory jaws)
  iv. Labium (lower lip)
  v. Hypopharynx (Tongue)
• Thorax
• Legs
• Wings
• Spiracles
• Abdomen

• Mouth
• Fore-gut (Stomodaeum)
• Mid-gut (Mesenteron)
• Hind-gut (Proctodaeum)
• Salivary Glands
• Food and digestion

1. Haemolymph
2. Haemocoel - Sinuses, Dorsal blood vessel, Blood circulation in cockroach.

• Respiratory System
• Exchange of Gases in Lungs
• Significance of Respiration
• Key Points: Respiratory System

1. Male Reproductive System
2. Female Reproductive System
   Fertilization and formation of ootheca - Ootheca, Development of Eggs

• Control Measures
  1. Good Sanitation 
  2. Chemical control

• Definition: Photosynthesis
• Explanation

• Two predominant types of chlorophylls

• Dual Nature of Light
• Speed of Light
• Categories of Light

• Definition: Photolysis
• Definition: Photophosphorylation

• Definition: Polymerisation

• Definition: ATP
• Key Points: ATP

• Definition: Aerobic Respiration
• Definition: Anaerobic Respiration
• Key Points: Cellular Respiration

• Definition: Glycolysis

• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Oxidative Phosphorylation Steps

• Definition: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle)

• Definition: Electron Transfer Chain Reaction

• Fermentation
• Process of Fermentation
• Types of Fermentation

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
2. Alcohol Fermentation
3. Acetic acid Fermentation
4. Butyric acid Fermentation

• Advantages of Fermentation

• Introduction
• Modes of Nutrition
• Types of Nutrients

• Digestion
• Alimentary Canal 
• Digestive organs

• Teeth and Its Types
• Structure of a Tooth

• Introduction
• Function of the Oesophagus

• Introduction
• Function of the Stomach

• Introduction
• Functions of Small Intestine

• Introduction
• Functions of the Large Intestine

• Introduction
• Functions of the Liver

• Digestion in the buccal cavity
• Digestion in the stomach
• Digestion in the small intestine 
• Action of pancreatic juice
• Action of intestinal juice 

• Disorders of the digestive system

1. Inflammation of the intestinal tract
2. Jaundice
3. Vomiting 
4. Diarrhoea
5. Constipation
6. Indigestion

• PEM (Protein-energy malnutrition)

1. Kwashiorkar
2. Marasmus

• Definition: Excretion
• Definition: Excretory System
• Introduction
• Experiment

• Introduction
• Human Excretory System Organs
• Excretion in Humans
• Mechanism of Excretion in Humans
• Dialysis

• Definition: Nephrons
• Definition: Papilla
• Key Points: Kidneys

• Definition: Bowman's Capsule
• Definition: Glomerulus
• Definition: Malpighian Capsule (Renal Capsule)
• Key Points: Structure and Function of a Nephron

• Definition: Ultrafiltration
• Definition: Glomerular Filtrate
• Definition: Selective Absorption
• Definition: Tubular Secretion

• Key Points: Excretory Organs

• Kidney stones
• Uremia
• Nephritis
• Renal Failure
• Diabetes
• Urinary tract infection
• Haemodialysis
• Peritoneal dialysis 
• Kidney transplant
• Renal Calculi
• Glomerulonephritis

• Movements
• Locomotion
  1. Amoeboid movement
  2. Ciliary movement
  3. Whorling movement 
  4. Muscular movement

• Some important antagonistic muscles

1. Flexor and Extensor
2. Abductor and Adductor 
3. Pronator and Supinator
4. Levator and Depressor
5. Protractor and Retractor 
6. Sphincters 

• Structure of myosin and actin filaments
  - Myosin filament
  - Actin filament
  i. F actin
  ii. Tropomyosin
  iii. Troponin

• Mechanism of muscle contraction
• Steps of muscle contraction

• Skeletal System and Its Functions

1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton

• Synarthroses
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphoses
  A. Cartilagenous or slightly movable joints - Synchondroses, Symphysis
  B. Synovial joints or freely movable joints - Pivot joint, Ball and socket joint, Hinge joint, Condyloid joint, Gliding joint, Saddle joint.

• Muscular dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis

• Arthritis 
  i) Osteoarthritis
  ii) Gouty arthritis (Gout)
  iii) Rheumotoid arthritis
• Osteoporosis