Topics
Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Carbon Compounds
- Carbon: a Versatile Element
- Bonding in Carbon - Covalent Bond
- Carbon: a Versatile Element
- Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
- Chains, Branches and Rings of Carbon Compound
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Soap
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
Metals and Non Metals
- Types of Element: Metals
- Types of Elements: Non-metal
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals Are Burnt in Air
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals React with Water
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals React with Acids
- Chemical Properties of Metals: Metals React with Solutions of Other Metal Salts
- Chemical Properties of Metals: Reactivity Series
- Reaction of Metals with Non-metals
- Formation and Properties of Ionic Compounds
- Types of Element: Metals
- Extraction of Metals from Ore
- Enrichment of Ores
- Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals Towards the Top of the Activity Series
- Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
- Covalent (Molecular) Bond
Periodic Classification of Elements
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Acids
- Bases (Alkalis)
- Indicators
- Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases
- Reaction of Acids and Bases with Metals
- Reaction of Acids with Metal Carbonates and Hydrogencarbonates
- Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids
- Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base
- Acids and Bases React with Each Other
- Acid Or a Base in a Water Solution
- Strength of Acidic Or Basic Solutions
- Salts
- Salts
- Chemicals from Common Salt (Uses of Salt)
- Preparation and Uses of Sodium Hydroxide
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
Chemical Reactions
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Chemical Equation
- Chemical Equation
- Direct Combination (or Synthesis)
- Decomposition Reactions
- Single Displacement Reactions
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Oxidation and Reduction
- Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
- Concept of Rancidity
- Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
World of Living
Heredity and Evolution
- Evolution and Classification - Introduction
- Accumulation of Variation During Reproduction
- Heredity - Inherited Traits
- Rules for the Inheritance of Traits - Mendel’S Contributions
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Concepts of Evolution
- Evolution - Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Speciation
- Heredity and Evolution
- Evolution and Classification - Tracing Evolutionary Relationships
- Evolution and Classification - Fossils
- Evolution by Stages
- Human Evolution
Reproduction
- Reproduction in Plant
- Reproductive Health - Need and Methods of Family Planning
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Single Organisms - Fission
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Fragmentation
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Regeneration
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Single Organisms - Budding
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Vegetative Propagation
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Spore Formation
- Sexual Reproduction in Animals
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Human Reproductive System
- Reproduction in Plant
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Control and Co-ordination in Animals and Plants
- Control and Co-ordination Introduction
- Tropic Movements in Plants
- Coordination in Plants - Movement Due to Growth
- Coordination in Plants - Immediate Response to Stimulus
- Hormones in Animals
- Control and Co-ordination in Animals
- Importance of Variation
- Animals – Nervous System
- Human Brain - Voluntary Action
- Human Brain - Involuntary Action
- Human Brain - Reflex Action
- Control and Co-ordination Questions
Life Processes
Natural Phenomena
- Refraction of Light
- Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Linear Magnification (M) Due to Spherical Mirrors
- Velocity of Light
- Refraction of Light
- Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Refractive Index
- Refraction by Spherical Lenses
- Convex Lens
- Concave Lens
- Convex Lens
- Concave Lens
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Magnification of a Lens
- Power of a Lens
- Human Eye: Structure of the Eye
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Myopia Or Near-sightedness
- Applications of Spherical Mirrors and Lenses
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Atmospheric Refraction
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
Effects of Current
Magnetic Effects of Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Field Lines
- Magnetic Force
- The Bar Magnet
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current carrying Straight Conductor
- Right-Hand Thumb Rule
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Through a Circular Loop
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Solenoid
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator
- Domestic Electric Circuits
- Types of current: Alternating Current (A.C.) and Direct Current (D.C.)
- Introduction of Magnetism
Effects of Current
Natural Resources
Management of Natural Resources
- Conservation and Judicious Use of Natural Resources
- Need to Manage Our Resources
- Forests and Wild Life - Stakeholders
- Forests and Wild Life - Sustainable Management
- Coal and Petroleum
- Water for All - Dams
- Water for All - Water Harvesting
- Overview of Natural Resource Management
- Sustainability of Natural Resources
- Fresh Water Management
Our Environment
Sources of Energy
- Sources of Energy Introduction
- Good Source of Energy
- Different Forms of Energy
- Conventional Sources of Energy
- Heat Energy (Thermal Energy)
- Hydroelectric Energy
- Improvements in the Technology for Using Conventional Sources of Energy
- Solar Energy
- Alternative or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Energy from the Sea
- Alternative Or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Geothermal Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- Environmental Consequences
- Energy Source - How Long Will Last Us
- Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Resources
notes
Production of waste:-
1.Municipal Waste
commonly consists of items we use on an everyday basis then dump it. Cloths, paints, wires, glasses, unwanted food, etc come under municipal waste. These waste come from schools, factories, but primarily come from our homes.
2.Household waste:
Materials like unused food, clothes, unwanted paper, damaged batteries, etc come under household wastes. Agricultural wastes also come under household waste.
3.Commercial waste:
Wastes coming from any kinds of businesses, trading factories, schools, etc come under commercial waste.
4.Industrial Waste:
Waste produced by industries includes any material that isn’t useful for the industrial manufacturing process. Wastes such are chemicals, pigments, ashes, metals, etc come under industrial waste.
5.Biomedical Waste:
Any waste coming from medical facilities such as hospitals, medical colleges, research centers, etc come under biomedical waste.
Garbage Disposal:
Industrialization and rise in demand of consumer goods have created a major problem in the form of wastes/garbage accumulation and its disposal especially in urban areas.
The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way. There are different methods of waste disposal. The method to be used depends on the nature of the waste. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are :
- Incineration: Burning of waste on high temperature to form ash is called incineration. This process is carried out in an incinerator. Incineration is used to destroy household, chemical and biological wastes.
- Open dumping: A conventional method in which solid waste are dumped in selected areas of a town. It actually cause pollution
- Land fillings: Wastes are dumped in low living areas and are compacted by rolling with bulldozers
- Composting: Organic wastes are filled into a compost pit (2m × 1m × 1m). It is then covered with a thin layer of soil. After about three months the same garbage filled inside the pit changes into organic manure.
- Recycling: The solid wastes is broken down into its constituent simpler materials. These materials are then used to make new items. Even non-bio degradable solid wastes like plastic, metal can be recycled.
- Reuse: A very simple conventional technique of using an item again and again. For example; paper can be reused for making envelops, etc