Topics
The Language of Chemistry
- Concept for Language of Chemistry
- Symbols of Elements
- Valency and Its Types
- Radicals
- Chemical Equation
- Writing Chemical Formulae
- Naming Certain Compounds
- Chemical Equation
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Concept of Molecular Mass
- Percentage Composition
- Empirical Formula of a Compound
- Symbols of Elements
- Concept of Hydrogen
- Balancing Simple Equations
Chemical Changes and Reactions
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Condition for a Chemical change
- Types of Chemical Reactions
- Energy Changes in a Chemical Change
- Burning - Definition and Conditions of Burning
- Comparison of Respiration and Burning
- Burning of Magnesium Or Candle to Show that Substances Gain Weight on Burning
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
Water
- Water, Our Lifeline
- Chemical Properties of Water
- Concept of Universal Solvent
- Solutions as 'Mixtures' of Solids in Water
- Saturated Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Solubility
- Crystals and Crystallisation
- Hydrated and Anhydrous Substances, Hygroscopic
- Properties
- Drying and Dehydrous Substances
- Removal of Hardness of Water
- Soft and Hard Water
- Water as a Compound and as a Universal Solvent
- Qualitative Effect of Temperature on Solubility
- Introduction of Water Pollution and Its Control
- Dissolution of Salts in Water
- Salts
- Components of Solutions
- Hard and Soft Water
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Bond
- Electrons (E)
- Protons (P)
- Nucleus
- Neil Bohr’s Model of Atom
- Neutrons (N)
- Atom
- Atomic Number (Z)
- Bohr-bury Scheme
- Valency Electrons
- Reason for Chemical Activity of an Atom
- Isotopes
- Electrovalent (or Ionic) Bond
- Covalent (Molecular) Bond
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Concept of Electrons Distributed in Different Orbits (Shells)
- Characteristic Properties of Electrovalent Compounds
The Periodic Table
- Types of Element: Metals
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Types of Element: Metals
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Modern Periodic Table
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Modern Periodic Table
- Study of Specific Groups
- Uses of Periodic Table
- Periodic Properties
Study of the First Element - Hydrogen
- Position of the Non-metal (Hydrogen) in the Periodic Table
- Hydrogen from Alkalies
- Similarities Between Hydrogen and Halogens
- Concept of Hydrogen
- Preparation of Hydrogen
- Application of Activity Series in the Preparation of Hydrogen
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- Manufacture of Hydrogen
- Properties and Uses of Hydrogen
- Hydrogen - Oxidation and Reduction
- Hydrogen from Water
- Hydrogen from Dilute Acids
- Preparation of Hydrogen, from Water – Electrolysis
- Preference of Zinc as the Metal to Be Used (With Reasons).
Study of Gas Laws
- Study of Gas Laws
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Molecular Motion : Relationship of Temperature, Pressure and Volume
- The Gas Laws
- Pressure and Volume Relationship or Bolye's Law
- Temperature - Volume Relationship or Charles's Law
- Absolute Zero
- Temperature
- Scales of Thermometers
- Gas Equation
- Standard Temperature and Pressure
- The Effect of Moisture and Pressure
- Derivation of Boyle’s Law
- Van’t Hoff- Charles’ Law
- Molar Volume of a Gas at S.T.P
- Mole Concept
Atmospheric Pollution
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
- Differences Between Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Types of Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixture
- Mixture
- Separation of Mixtures
- Use of Solvent and Filtration
- Concept of Evaporation
- Distillation Method
- Distillation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
Matter and Its Composition:- Law of Conservation of Mass
notes
Dalton was the first scientist to use the symbols for elements in a very specific sense. When he used a symbol for an element he also meant a definite quantity of that element, that is, one atom of that element. Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be made from one or two letters of the name of the element.
Symbols for some elements as proposed by Dalton:
In the beginning, the names of elements were derived from the name of the place where they were found for the first time. For example, the name copper was taken from Cyprus. Some names were taken from specific colours. For example, gold was taken from the English word meaning yellow. Now-a-days, IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) approves names of elements. Many of the symbols are the first one or two letters of the element’s name in English. The first letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter (uppercase) and the second letter as a
small letter (lowercase).
For example :
(i) hydrogen, H
(ii) aluminium, Al and not AL
(iii) cobalt, Co and not CO.
Symbols of some elements are formed from the first letter of the name and a letter, appearing later in the name. Examples are:
(i) chlorine, Cl,
(ii) zinc, Zn etc.
Other symbols have been taken from the names of elements in Latin, German or Greek. For example, the symbol of iron is Fe from its Latin name ferrum, sodium is Na from natrium, potassium is K from kalium. Therefore, each element has a name and a unique chemical symbol.
Symbols for some elements :
