Topics
Basic Biology
Cell - the Structure and Fundamental Unit of Life [For Revision Only]
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusions
- Ribosomes
- Centrosome and Centrioles
- Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Protoplasm
Cell Cycle, Cell Division and Structure of Chromosomes
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Chromatin
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Its Structure
- Histone Proteins
- Chromosomes - The Carriers of Heredity
- Genes and Genetic
- Need for New Cells
- Cell Cycle - "Divide, Grow and Redivide"
- Interphase of Cell Cycle
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Mitosis and Its Types
- Phases of Mitosis: Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)
- Phases of Mitosis: Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)
- Significance of Mitosis
- Meiosis as a Reduction Division
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I
- Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis II
- Significance of Meiosis
Genetics – Some Basic Fundamentals
Plant Physiology
Absorption by Roots : the Processes Involved
- Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology
- Water Absorption by the Root
- Need of Water and Minerals for Plant
- Concept of Imbibition
- Concept of Diffusion
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Active, Passive, and Bulk Cell Transport
- Turgidity and Flaccidity
- Root Pressure
- Absorption and Conduction of Water and Minerals
- Ascent of Sap
- Semi-permeable Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Transpiration
Photosynthesis: Provider of Food for All
- Photosynthesis - Food Making Process in Plants
- Experiments - Show the Necessity of Light, Carbon Dioxide and Chlorophyll
- Emphasis on Destarching and the Steps Involved in Starch Test.
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Internal Structure of Chloroplast
- Opening and Closing of Stomata Based on Potassium Ion Exchange Theory.
- Overall Balanced Chemical Equation to Represent Photosynthesis.
- Introduction of the Terms "Photochemical" for Light Phase
- "Biosynthetic" for Dark Phases.
- Light Reaction
- Dark Reaction
- Experiments with Regard to the Factors Essential for Photosynthesis
Chemical Coordination in Plants
Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Circulatory System
- Blood Circulatory System
- Need for Transport Inside the Body
- Blood
- Functions of Blood
- Composition of Blood: Plasma
- Composition of Blood: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Composition of Blood: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Composition of Blood: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Blood Transfusion and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh system)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Human Heart - Chambers of the Heart, Septum Or Grooves of Heart
- Blood Vessels Entering and Leaving the Heart - Arteries and Veins of the Heart
- Valves of Heart
- Circulation of Blood in the Heart: Cardiac Cycle
- Heart Beat - Heart Sounds "LUBB" and "DUP"
- Pacemaker
- Blood Vessels – Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
- Pulmonary and Systemic Blood Circulation (Double Circulation)
- Blood Pressure
- Tissue Fluid
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- The Spleen
The Excretory System (Elimination of Body Wastes)
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
The Reproductive System
- Human Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System
- Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Structure and Functions of the Various Parts of the Sperm
- Structure and Functions of the Various Parts of the Egg
- Placenta (Growth)
- Functions of Foetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid
- Menstrual Cycle
- Role of Sex Hormones
- Nutrition and Respiration of the Embryo
- Fertilisation
- Identical and Fraternal Twins
Human Evolution
Population
Population – The Increasing Numbers and Rising Problems
Pollution
- Pollution and Its Types
- Pollution and Its Types
- Air Pollution
- Water Pollution
- Sources of Pollution and Major Pollutant - Thermal Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Sources of Pollution and Major Pollutant - Biomedical Waste
- Sources of Pollution and Major Pollutant - Radiation
- Noise Pollution
- Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Wastes
- Effects of Pollution on Climate, Environment, Human Health and Other Organisms
- Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
- Meaning of Global Warming
- Effect of Global Warming
- Acid Rain - Composition, Cause and Its Impact
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Preventive Measures of Pollution
Physical Health and Hygiene
Health Organisations
Aids to Health
definition
- Endocytosis: Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell.
- Exocytosis: Exocytosis is the process by which a large amount of molecules are released out of the cell.
notes
Plasma Membrane Or Cell Membrane:
- This is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents of the cell from its external environment.
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It is selectively permeable i. e. allows the entry and exit of selective molecules.
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It is flexible (fluid mosaic model).
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It helps in endocytosis in organisms like amoeba .i.e. engulfing of food from the external environment.
- Endocytosis: Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating). It is a form of active transport.
- Exocytosis: Exocytosis is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by secreting them through an energy-dependent process. Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis, are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive means.
Example
How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Movement of CO2:-
CO2 is produced during cellular respiration. Therefore, it is present in high concentrations inside the cell. This CO2 must be excreted out of the cell. In the cell’s external environment, the concentration of CO2 is low as compared to that inside the cell. Therefore, according to the principle of diffusion, CO2 moves from a region of higher concentration (inside the cell) towards a region of lower concentration (outside the cell). Similarly, O2 enters the cell by the process of diffusion when the concentration of O2 inside the cell is low as compared to its surroundings.
Movement of water:-
Water moves from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane acts as a semi-permeable membrane, and this movement of water is known as osmosis. However, the movement of water across the plasma membrane of the cell is affected by the amount of substance dissolved in water.
Example
The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane because it regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It means that the plasma membrane allows some material to pass through it while at the same time it blocks other material from entering through it.
