Topics
The Language of Chemistry
- Matter (Substance)
- Molecules
- Pure Substances
- Elements
- Classification of Molecules
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Valency
- Variable Valency
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula or Molecular Formula
- Naming Chemical Compounds
- To Calculate the Valency from the Formula
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Atomic Mass
- Molecular Mass
- Percentage Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formula
- Empirical Formula of a Compound
- Hydrogen
Chemical Changes and Reactions
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Chemical Reaction
- Conditions Necessary for Chemical Reactions
- Types of Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction
- Direct Combination (or Synthesis) Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Single Displacement Reactions
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Energy Change in Chemical Reactions
Water
- Water, Our Lifeline
- Physical Properties of Water
- Chemical Properties of Water
- Water - a Universal Solvent
- Solutions as 'Mixtures' of Solids in Water
- Components of Solutions
- Different Types of Solutions
- Saturated Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Solubility
- Crystals and Crystallisation
- Hydrated and Anhydrous Substances
- Efflorescence, Hygroscopic, and Deliquescence Substances
- Drying and Dehydrous Substances
- Classification of water: Soft and Hard Water
- Causes of Hardness
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Hard Water
- Removal of Hardness of Water
- Salts
- Prevention of Water Pollution
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Bond
- History of Atom
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Elements
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Electrons (e)
- Protons (p)
- Nucleus
- Neutrons (n)
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Structure of an Atom
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Valency Electrons
- Reason for Chemical Activity of an Atom
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Electrovalent (or Ionic) Bond
- Formation of an Electrovalent (or Ionic) Bond
- The Covalent Bond
- Types of Covalent Bond
- Formation of Covalent Bond
The Periodic Table
- History of Periodic Table: Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Merits and Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Types of Element on the Basis of Periodic Table
- Advantage and Disadvantage of Modern Periodic Table
- Periodic Properties
- Periodic Properties: Shells (Orbits)
- Periodic Properties: Valency
- Periodic Properties: Properties of Elements
- Periodic Properties: Atomic Radius Or Atomic Size
- Periodic Properties: Metallic Character
- Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table
- Group I (Alkali Metals)
- Group II (Alkaline Earth Metals)
- Group VIIA Or Group 17 (The Halogens)
- Group Zero or 18 Group (Noble Gases)
- Uses of Periodic Table
- Types of Elements: Metals
Study of the First Element - Hydrogen
- Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table
- Similarities Between Hydrogen and Alkali Metals
- Similarities Between Hydrogen and Halogens
- Hydrogen
- Preparation of Hydrogen
- Application of Activity Series in the Preparation of Hydrogen
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- Manufacture of Hydrogen
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
- Uses of Hydrogen
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
Study of Gas Laws
- Gases and Its Characteristics
- Molecular Motion : Relationship of Temperature, Pressure and Volume
- The Gas Laws
- Pressure and Volume Relationship or Bolye's Law
- Temperature - Volume Relationship or Charles's Law
- Absolute Zero
- Temperatures
- Scales of Thermometers
- Gas Equation
- Standard Temperature Pressure (S.T.P.)
- The Effect of Moisture and Pressure
Atmospheric Pollution
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Matter and Its Composition: Law of Conservation of Mass
Practical Work
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen
- Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen
- Laboratory Preparation of Carbon Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Chlorine
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Sulphur Dioxide
- Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Sulphide
- Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia Gas
- Laboratory Preparation of Water Vapour
- Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen Dioxide
- Action of Heat on a Given Substance
- Action of Dilute Sulphuric Acid on a Given Substance
- Dry Test
- Recognition of Substances by Colour
- Recognition of Substances by Odour
- Recognition of Substances by Physical State
- Recognition of Substances by Action of Heat
- Flame Test
- Classification of water: Soft and Hard Water
- Simple Experiments Based on Hard Water and Soft Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Water Quality
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Prevention of Water Pollution
- Softening of water
- Removal of temporary hardness
a) By boiling
b) Clark's method - Removal of permanent hardness
a) By washing soda method
b) lon-exchange/Permutit method
c) Calgon method
d) Synthetic resins method
⇒ Ion exchange resins are of two types
i) Cation exchange resins
ii) Anion exchange resins
- Degree of hardness of water
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