Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter
- Mixture
- Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Concept of Suspension
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Pure Substances
- Elements
- Compound
Atoms and Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions
- Atom
- The Modern Day Symbols of Atoms of Different Elements
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Molecules
- Molecules of Elements
- Molecules of Compounds
- Concept of an Ion
- Writing Chemical Formulae
- Concept of Molecular Mass
- Concept of Molecular Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Atom
- Sub-atomic Particles of Atom
- Structure of an Atom
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Neil Bohr’s Model of Atom
- Concept of Proton
- Neutrons (N)
- Concept of Electron
- Concept of Electrons Distributed in Different Orbits (Shells)
- Valency and Its Types
- Atomic Number (Z)
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusions
- Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Inclusion
Tissues
Diversity in Living Organisms
Motion
- Motion and Rest
- Distance and Displacement
- Motion and Rest
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion Based on Speed
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance - Time Graphs
- Distance - Time Graphs
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Position - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Position - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Types of Motion Based on Speed
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
- Force
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Effect of Force
- Effect of Force
- Types of Force: Contact Force
- Types of Force: Non-Contact Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertia and Mass
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Force and Laws of Motion (Numerical)
Gravitation
- Concept of Gravitation
- Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
- Free Fall
- To Calculate the Value of G
- Motion of Objects Under the Influence of Gravitational Force of the Earth
- Concept of Mass
- Concept of Weight
- Trust and Pressure
- Buoyancy Force (Upthrust Force)
- Pressure Exerted by Liquids and Gases
- Density of the Fluid
- Archimedes' Principle
- Relative Density
Work and Energy
- Definition of Work
- Work Done by a Constant Force
- Concept of Energy
- Different Forms of Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Potential Energy
- The Potential Energy of an Object at a Height
- Work Done by a Energy
- Work Done by a Power
- Conversion of One Form of Energy into the Other Form
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Rate of Doing Work
- Concept of Energy
- Work and Energy (Numericals)
Sound
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health and Its Failure
- The Significance of ‘Health'
- Personal and Community Issues Both Matter for Health
- Distinctions Between ‘Healthy’ and ‘Disease-free’
- Identification of Disease
- Categories of Diseases
- Chronic Diseases and Poor Health
- Causes of Disease
- Infectious and Non-infectious Causes
- Categories of Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Airborne Diseases Caused by Bacteria
- Diseases Caused by Parasitic Worms
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases (Air, Water, Food, Insects)
- Organ-specific and Tissue-specific Manifestations of Disease
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Our Environment
- The Environment
- The Breath of Life - Air
- The Role of the Atmosphere in Climate Control
- Movements of Air (Winds) and Its Role in Bringing Rains Across India
- Water - A Wonder Liquid
- Water Pollution
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- The Water-cycle
- The Nitrogen-cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen-cycle
- Ozone Layer Depletion
Improvement in Food Resources
notes
Complex Permanent Tissues:
Complex Permanent Tissues comprise of different kinds of cells. These different types of cells coordinate with each other and perform a common function in these tissues. Two Complex Permanent Tissues are- Xylem and Phloem.
(a) Xylem:
This is the tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to upper parts of plant. It is composed of four types of cells i.e., tracheid, vessel, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma (fibre).
1.Trachieds are long elongated cells with tapered ending. Trachied cells are dead. Trachied transports water through pits.
2. Vessel is a pipe like structure. Vessels are dead and have lignified thick cell wall. Upper and lower portion of cell wall is absent.
3. Parenchymas are living cells. They store food and nutrients.
4. Sclerenchymas (fibres) are dead cells. They provide mechanical support to plant.
(b) Phloem:
- Phloem is the tissue that transports food from site of photosynthesis to different parts of plants.
- It is composed of four types of cell i.e. sieve cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibre or blast fibre.
- All types of cells are live except phoem fibres.
- Sieve cells are elongated and have thin cell wall. They have cytoplasm but no nucleus and other organelles. These cells are responsible for transportation of food and nutrients
- Companion cells have cytoplasm, nucleus and other organelles. They perform the tasks required for sieve cells for living.
- Phloem parenchyma store food.
- Phloem fibres have thick cell wall and they provide mechanical support to plant.
|
|
Xylem |
Phloem |
|
Made of |
Dead Cells |
Living Cells |
|
Cell wall thickness |
Thick |
Thin |
|
Cell wall material |
Lignin (rigid) |
Celluloses |
|
Permeability |
Impermeable |
Permeable |
|
Cytoplasm |
None |
Cytoplasm lining |
|
Transports… |
Water & minerals |
Food |
|
Carried to…. |
Leaves |
Growing parts & storage organs |
|
Direction of flow |
Upwards |
Up & down |
|
Tissue also has |
Fibres |
Companion cells |
notes
Complex Permanent Tissues:
Tissues made of more than one type of cell coordinating to perform a common function.
1) Xylem:
It helps in the conduction of water and minerals from roots to the upper parts of the plant.
It consists of -
-
Tracheids
-
Vessels
-
Xylem parenchyma
-
Xylem fibers
2) Phloem:
It transports food material prepared in leaf/ green parts to other parts of the plants.
It consists of –
-
Sieve tubes
-
Companion cell
-
Phloem parenchyma
-
Phloem fibers
Example
What are the constituents of phloem?
Phloem is a living tissue in vascular plants which conducts the soluble organic compounds synthesized during photosynthesis downwards from the leaves.
Listed below are the constituents of phloem:
- Companion cells: it appears to check the activity of the adjacent sieve element and participates in loading and unloading of the sugar into the sieve element
- Sieve tubes: these elongated living cells, conveys carbohydrates, chiefly sucrose from leaves to roots and fruits
- Phloem fibres: they are commercially useful as they possess great pliability and tensile strength
- Phloem parenchyma: also known as transfer cells, they are found near the finest branches, ends of sieve tubes in leaf veinlets, functional here in conveying food.
