Topics
Living World
Systematics of Living Organisms
- Systematics of Living Organisms (Introduction)
- Systematics of Living Organisms (Introduction)
- Concept of Systematics
- Concept of Systematics
- Classification of Taxonomy
- Classification of Taxonomy
- Three Domains of Life
- Three Domains of Life
- Chemotaxonomy
- Chemotaxonomy
- Numerical Taxonomy
- Numerical Taxonomy
- Cladogram
- Cladogram
- Phylogeny
- Phylogeny
- DNA Barcoding
- DNA Barcoding
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Units of Classification
- Units of Classification
- Binomial Nomenclature
- Binomial Nomenclature
- Salient Features of Five Kingdoms
- Salient Features of Five Kingdoms
- Acellular Organisms
- Acellular Organisms
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Cell Structure and Organization
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules in Living System
- Biomolecules in the Cell
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Enzymes
- Nature of Enzyme Action
- Nomenclature of Enzymes
- Classification of Enzymes
- Mechanism of Enzyme Action
- Enzyme - Substrate Interactions
- Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Metabolism
- Metabolic Pool
- Secondary metabolites (SMs)
Cell Division
Plant Tissues and Anatomy
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Animal Tissue
Study of Animal Type : Cockroach
Photosynthesis
- Introduction of Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts
- Nature of Light
- Mechanism of Photosynthesis
- Light Dependent Reaction (Hill Reaction \ Light Reaction)
- Photophosphorylation
- Light Independent Reactions (Dark Reaction \ Biosynthetic Phase)
- Photorespiration
- C4 Pathway Or Hatch-slack Pathway
- Cam - Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Respiration and Energy Transfer
- Formation of ATP
- Respiration
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Phases of Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Reaction)
- Phases of Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle Or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Phases of Respiration: Electron Transport Chain (Electron Transfer System)
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Respiratory Balance Sheet
- Amphibolic Pathways
- Utility of Stepwise Oxidation
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
Human Nutrition
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Component of Food
- Human Digestive System
- The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- The Salivary Glands
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- Tongue
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Pancreas
- The Large Intestine
- Liver
- Physiology of Digestion
- Absorption of Food
- Assimilation of Food
- Egestion of Food
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
Excretion and Osmoregulation
- Excretion: Substances to Be Eliminated
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Human Excretory System
- Kidney and Its Internal Structure
- Kidney Tubule (Nephrons)
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Concentration of Urine
- Composition of Urine
- Accessory Excretory Organs
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
Skeleton and Movement
description
A. Root:
- Typical Root Structure
- Function of Root
- Types of Root - Tap root, Adventitious roots,
- Modification of root - Modifications of tap root, For Respiration
- Modifications of Adventitious Roots -
a) Food storage
b) For mechanical support
1. Prop roots
2. Stilt roots
3. Climbing roots
4. Clinging Roots
5. Plank Roots/Buttresses
6. Buoyont roots
c) For special functions
1. Epiphytic roots
2. Sucking roots or Haustoria
B. Stem:
- Modifications of stem
a. Underground stem
1. Rhizome
2. Stem Tuber
3. Bulb
4. Corm
b. Subaerial stem
1. Trailer
2. Runner
3. Stolons
4. Sucker
5. Offset
c. Aerial modification
1. Thorn
2. Phylloclade
3. Cladodes
4. Cladophylls
5. Bulbils
C. Leaf
- Typical leaf structure
Leaf base
Petiole or mesopodium
Lamina or epipodium - Leaf venation
- Types of leaf
a. Pinnately compound
b. Palmately compound - Modification of leaves
a. Leaf spines
b. Leaf tendril
c. Leaf hooks
d. Phyllode - Phyllotaxy
D. Inflorescence
- Types of inflorescence - Racemose, Cymose
E. Flower
- Insertion of floral whorls - Hypogyny, Perigyny, Epigyny.
- Floral parts and their structure
1. Calyx (K)
2. Corolla (C) - Perianth (P), Aestivation, Epicalyx
3. Androecium (A)
Typical stamen shows three different parts: Anther, Filament, Connective
4. Gynoecium (G)
- Placentation
- Types of Placentation: Marginal, Axile, Parietal, Basal, Free central.
F. Fruit
G. Seed
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