Topics
Class 11
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Chemistry
- Development of Chemistry
- Importance and Scope of Chemistry
- Matter (Substance)
- States of Matter
- Classification of Matter
- Need for Measurement
- Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
- Unit and Its Types
- Unit Systems
- International System of Units (SI System)
- Unit Prefixes
- Uncertainty in Measurement
- Scientific Notation
- Accuracy, Precision and Uncertainty in Measurement
- Dimensional Analysis
- Significant Figures
- Laws of Chemical Combination
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Definite Proportions
- Law of Multiple Proportions
- Law of Reciprocal Proportions
- Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes
- Avogadro's Law
- Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Elements
- Classification of Elements
- Compound
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Molecules
- Atomic Mass
- Molecular Mass
- Atomic and Molecular Masses
- Formula Mass
- Mole Concept
- Mole Concept and Molar Masses
- Percentage Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formula
- Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations - Introduction
- Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations - Reactions in Solutions
Class 12
Structure of Atom
- History of Atom
- Structure of an Atom
- Electrons (e)
- Protons (p)
- Neutrons (n)
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Drawbacks of Rutherford Atomic Model
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Isotopes
- Isobars
- Isotones or Isoneutronic
- Isoelectronic Species
- Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
- Newton's corpuscular theory
- Qualitative Ideas of Black Body Radiation
- Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck's Quantum Theory of Radiation
- The Photoelectric Effect
- Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
- Dual Behaviour of Matter: De Broglie's relationship
- Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
- Evidence for the Quantized Electronic Energy Levels - Atomic Spectra
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Concept of Shells and Subshells
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Energies of Orbitals
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Filling of Orbitals in Atom
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Electronic Configuration of Atoms
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Stability of Completely Filled and Half Filled Subshells
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Significance of Classification of Elements
- Genesis of Periodic Classification
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Merits and Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Modern Periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table
- Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number Greater than 100
- Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements
- The s-Block Elements
- The p-Block Elements
- The d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)
- The f-Block Elements (Inner-transition Elements)
- Structure of the Modern Periodic Table
- Study of Specific Groups in Periodic Table
- Physical Properties
- Atomic Radius
- Ionic Radius
- Ionization Enthalpy or Ionization Energy (IE) or Ionization Potential (IP)
- Electron Gain Enthalpy
- Electronegativity
- Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States
- Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements
- Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Introduction of Chemical Bonding
- Valency Electrons
- Kossel and Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Octet Rule
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bond
- Lewis Structures (Lewis Representation of Simple Molecules)
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Formal Charge
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Limitations of the Octet Rule
- Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
- Bond Parameters
- Bond Length
- Bond Enthalpy
- Bond Angle
- Bond Order
- Resonance Structures
- Polarity of Bonds
- Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
- Valence Bond Theory
- Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept
- Valence Bond Theory - Directional Properties of Bonds
- Valence Bond Theory - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
- Valence Bond Theory - Types of Overlapping and Nature of Covalent Bonds
- Valence Bond Theory - Strength of Sigma (σ) bond and pi (π) bond
- Hybridisation
- Hybridisation - Introduction
- Types of Hybridisation
- Hybridisation of Elements Involving d Orbitals
- Molecular Orbital Theory - Introduction
- Molecular Orbital Theory
- Formation of Molecular Orbitals - Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)
- Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals
- Types of Molecular Orbitals
- Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals
- Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour
- Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond
- Types of Hydrogen Bonding
- Effects of Hydrogen Bonding
- Metallic Bond
States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Matter (Substance)
- States of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Intermolecular Forces
- Dipole - Dipole Forces
- Dipole-induced Dipole Forces
- Dispersion Forces Or London Forces
- Hydrogen Bond
- Intermolecular Forces Vs. Thermal Interactions
- Melting and Boiling Points
- The Gaseous State
- The Gas Laws
- Boyle’s Law (Pressure - Volume Relationship)
- Charles’ Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship)
- Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure- Temperature Relationship)
- Avogadro's Law
- Ideal Gas Equation
- Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
- Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
- Liquefaction of Gases
- Liquid State
- Vapour Pressure
- Viscosity
- Surface Tension
Thermodynamics
- Introduction of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic Terms
- The State of the System
- Internal Energy and Change in Internal Energy
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Enthalpy (H)
- Thermodynamics Applications
- Enthalpy, H - Heat Capacity
- Enthalpy, H - The Relationship Between Cp and Cv for an Ideal Gas
- Measurement of ∆U and ∆H Calorimetry - ∆U Measurements
- Measurement of ∆U and ∆H Calorimetry - ∆H Measurements
- Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions
- Bond Enthalpy
- Standard Enthalpy of Formation
- Standard Enthalpy of Reactions
- Enthalpy Changes During Phase Transformations
- Standard Enthalpy of Combustion
- Enthalpy of Atomization
- Enthalpy of Solution
- Lattice Enthalpy
- Enthalpy of Dilution
- Enthalpy of neutralization
- Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Spontaneity
- Is Decrease in Enthalpy a Criterion for Spontaneity
- Entropy and Spontaneity
- Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
- Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Third Law of Thermodynamics
Equilibrium
- Chemical Reaction
- Types of Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction
- Concept of Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in Physical Processes
- Solid-liquid Equilibrium
- Liquid-vapour Equilibrium
- Solid - Vapour Equilibrium
- Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Solid in Liquids
- Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Gases in Liquids
- Introduction of Chemical Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in Chemical Processes - Dynamic Equilibrium
- Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant
- Applications of Equilibrium Constants
- Predicting the Extent of a Reaction
- Predicting the Direction of the Reaction
- Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
- Relationship Between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G
- Factors affecting equilibrium: Le Chatelier’s principle
- Change of Concentration
- Change of Temperature
- Change of Pressure
- Effect of change in volume
- Effect of Catalyst
- Addition of Inert Gas
- Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
- Concept of Acids, Bases, and Salts
- Acids
- Arrhenius, Bronsted-lowry and Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
- Ionization of Acids and Bases
- Ostwald's Dilution Law
- Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
- Ionization of Weak Bases
- Di- and Polybasic Acids and Di- and Polyacidic Bases
- The Ionization Constant of Water and Its Ionic Product
- Relative Strength of Acids and Bases
- The pH Scale
- Hydrolysis of Salts and the Ph of Their Solutions
- Buffer Solutions
- Concept of Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
Redox Reactions
- Redox Reaction
- Classical Idea of Redox Reactions - Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions - Introduction
- Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions - Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
- Oxidation Number - Introduction
- Types of Redox Reactions
- Balancing Redox Reactions in Terms of Loss and Gain of Electrons
- Redox Reactions as the Basis for Titrations
- Limitations of Concept of Oxidation Number
- Balancing Redox Reactions in Terms of Loss and Gain of Electrons
- Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
Hydrogen
- Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
- Dihydrogen
- Preparation of Dihydrogen
- Properties and Uses of Dihydrogen
- Hydrides
- Structure of Water
- Structure of Ice
- Physical Properties of Water
- Chemical Properties of Water
- Classification of water: Soft and Hard Water
- Causes of Hardness
- Removal of Hardness of Water
- Heavy Water
- Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Structure of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Dihydrogen as a Fuel
s-block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
- Introduction of s-block elements
- Group 1 Elements - Alkali Metals
- General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals
- Anomalous Properties of Lithium
- Some Important Compounds of Sodium
- Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium
- Group 2 Elements - Alkaline Earth Metals
- General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals
- Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium
- Some Important Compounds of Calcium
- Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium
Some p-Block elements
- Introduction to p-block Elements
- Group 13 Elements - The Boron Family
- Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron
- Some Important Compounds of Boron
- Preparation and Properties of Aluminium
- Uses of Boron and Aluminium and Their Compounds
- Group 14 Elements - the Carbon Family
- Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
- Physical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Allotropes of Carbon - Diamond
- Allotropes of Carbon - Graphite
- Allotropes of Carbon - Fullerenes
- Allotropes of Carbon - Uses of Carbon
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Carbon Monoxide
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Carbon Dioxide
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Silicon Tetrachloride
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Silicon Dioxide
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Silicones
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Silicates
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Zeolites
Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- Organic Chemistry
- Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds - Introduction
- Purification of Solids
- Filtration Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Sublimation Method
- Simple Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Distillation Under Reduced Pressure (Vacuum Distillation)
- Steam Distillation
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Chromatography Method
- Fractional Crystallization
- Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds - Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen
- Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds - Detection of Other Elements
- Quantitative Analysis of Carbon and Hydrogen
- Quantitative Analysis of Nitrogen
- Quantitative Analysis of Halogens
- Quantitative Analysis of Sulphur
- Quantitative Analysis of Phosphorus
- Quantitative Analysis of Oxygen
- Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
- Tetravalence of Carbon - Shapes of Organic Compounds
- Complete, Condensed and Bond-line Structural Formulas
- Three-dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules
- Molecular Models
- Classification of Organic Compounds
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
- The IUPAC System of Nomenclature
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Having Functional Group(s)
- Nomenclature of Substituted Benzene Compounds
- Isomerism
- Bond Fission and Types of Organic Reactions
- Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds
- Inductive Effect
- Resonance Effect
- Electromeric Effect (E Effect)
- Hyperconjugation
- Fission of a Covalent Bond
- Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
- Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons
- Classification of Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes - Introduction
- Nomenclature and Isomerism
- Conformations (Ethane)
- Preparation of Alkanes from Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Chemical Properties of Alkanes
- Alkenes - Introduction
- Alkenes
- Nomenclature
- Structure of Double Bond (Ethene)
- Preparation of Alkenes from Alkynes, Alkyl Halides, Vicinal Dihalides and Alcohols by Acidic Dehydration
- Isomerism
- Physical Properties of Alkenes
- Chemical Properties of Alkenes
- Alkynes - Introduction
- Alkynes
- Nomenclature and Isomerism
- Structure of Triple Bond
- Preparation of Alkynes from Calcium Carbide and Vicinal Dihalides
- Physical Properties of Alkynes
- Chemical Properties of Alkynes
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Introduction
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Nomenclature and Isomerism
- Structure of Benzene
- Aromaticity (Huckel Rule)
- Preparation of Benzene
- Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Directive Influence of a Functional Group in Monosubstituted Benzene
- Physical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Chemical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Carcinogenicity and Toxicity
Environmental Chemistry
- Introduction of Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental Pollution - Introduction
- Atmospheric Pollution
- Tropospheric Pollution - Gaseous Air Pollutants
- Tropospheric Pollution - Particulate Pollutants
- Stratospheric Pollution
- Smog
- Acid Rain
- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
- Industrial Waste
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- International Standards for Drinking Water
- Soil Pollution - Pesticides, Herbicides
- Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution
- Green Chemistry - Introduction
- Green Chemistry in Day-to-day Life
Solid State
- States of Matter
- General Characteristics of Solid State
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Bragg's Law and Its Applications
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Primitive and Centred Unit Cells
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Close Packed Structures of Solids
- Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
- Packing Efficiency
- Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice
- Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures
- Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
- Imperfections in Solids
- Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric Defects
- Types of Point Defects - Non-stoichiometric Defects
- Types of Point Defects - Impurity Defects
- Electrical Properties - Introduction
- Electrical Properties
- Conduction of Electricity in Metals
- Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors
- Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors
- Magnetic Properties
- Solid State
- Band Theory of Metals
Solutions
- Introduction of Solution
- Types of Solutions
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Introduction of Solubility
- Solubility
- Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
- Solid Solutions
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions - Introduction
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions
- Raoult’s Law as a Special Case of Henry’s Law
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
- Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- Elevation of Boiling Point
- Depression of Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification
- Abnormal Molar Masses
Electrochemistry
- Introduction to Electrochemistry
- Redox Reaction
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrodes
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cells - Introduction
- Electrode Potential and Cell Potential
- Galvanic Cells - Measurement of Electrode Potential
- Electrochemical Series (Electromotive Series)
- Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
- Nernst Equation - Introduction
- Nernst Equation
- Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
- Products of Electrolysis
- Batteries
- Primary Batteries
- Secondary Batteries
- Fuel Cells
- Concept of Corrosion
- Corrosion Prevention
Chemical Kinetics
- Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
- Dependence of Rate on Reactant Concentrations: Rate Law and Rate Constant
- Order of a Reaction
- Units of Rate Constant
- Molecularity of Elementary Reactions
- Integrated Rate Equations - Introduction
- Integrated Rate Equations
- Zero Order Reactions
- First Order Reactions
- Half-life of a Reaction
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
- Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
- Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
Surface Chemistry
- Surface Chemistry
- Introduction of Adsorption
- Distinction Between Adsorption and Absorption
- Adsorption
- Mechanism of Adsorption
- Types of Adsorption
- Adsorption Isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm)
- Applications of Adsorption
- Factors Affecting Adsorption of Gases on Solids
- Adsorption from Solution Phase
- Catalysis
- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Shape-selective Catalysis by Zeolites
- Enzyme Catalysis
- Catalysts in Industry
- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Catalytic Activity and Selectivity
- Colloids
- Classification of Colloids
- Classification Based on Nature of Interaction Between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
- Classification Based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids
- Preparation of Colloids
- Purification of Colloidal Solutions
- Properties of Colloidal Solutions
- Colloids Around Us
- Emulsions
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Occurrence of Metals
- Metallurgy
- Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
- Hydraulic Washing
- Magnetic Separation
- Froth Floatation Method
- Leaching
- Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
- Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Application of Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
- Refining of Crude Metals
- Metallurgy of Aluminium
- Extraction of Aluminium
- Refining of Aluminium
- Metallurgy of Copper
- Extraction of Copper
- Occurrence and Principle of Extraction of Zinc from Zinc Blende
- Metallurgy of Iron
- Extraction of Iron
- Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
p-Block Elements
- Concept of Group 15 Elements
- p-Block elements of Group 15 Elements
- Dinitrogen
- Ammonia
- Nitric Acid
- Oxides of Nitrogen
- Phosphorus - Allotropic Forms
- Compounds of Phosphorus
- Phosphine
- Phosphorus Halides
- Oxoacids of Phosphorus
- Concept of Group 16 Elements
- P - Block Group 16 Elements
- Dioxygen
- Classification of Oxides
- Simple Oxides
- Ozone
- Sulphur - Allotropic Forms
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Oxoacids of Sulphur
- Sulphuric Acid
- Concept of Group 17 Elements
- P - Block Group 17 Elements
- Chlorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Oxoacids of Halogens
- Interhalogen Compounds
- P - Block Group 18 Elements
- Concept of Group 18 Elements
- Compounds of Xenon
- Uses of Noble Gases
d and f-block Elements
- General Introduction of "D" and "F" Block Element
- Position in the Periodic Table - d-block Elements
- Electronic Configurations of the D-block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (D-block)
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements - Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals
- F-block Elements
- The Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Some Applications of d and f Block Elements
Coordination Compounds
- Introduction of Coordination Compounds
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stereoisomerism
- Structural Isomerism
- Effective Atomic Number (EAN) Rule
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Colour in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
- Stability of Coordination Compounds
- Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Introduction to Haloalkanes
- Classification of Haloalkanes
- Nomenclature of Haloalkanes
- Nature of C - X Bond in Haloalkanes
- Preparation of Haloalkanes
- Physical Properties of Haloalkanes
- Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes
- Stereochemistry
- Nucleophilic substitution Mechanism
- Haloarenes
- Classification of Haloarenes
- Nomenclature of Haloarenes
- Nature of C - X Bond in Haloarenes
- Preparation of Haloalkanes
- Physical Properties of Haloarenes
- Chemical Properties of Haloarenes
- Uses and Environmental Effects of Some Polyhalogen Compounds
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Introduction of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Uses of Alcohols
- Classification of Alcohols
- Nomenclature of Alcohols
- Isomerism in Alcohols
- Structure of functional group (-OH) of Alcohols
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohols
- Preparation of Commercially Important Alcohols
- Physical Properties of Alcohols
- Chemical Properties of Alcohols
- Phenols
- Classification of Phenols
- Nomenclature of phenols
- Structure of Functional Group (Ar - OH) of Phenol
- Methods of Preparation of Phenols
- Physical Properties of phenol
- Chemical Properties of Phenol
- Acidic Nature of Phenol
- Uses of Phenols
- Ethers
- Classification of Ethers
- Nomenclature of ethers
- Structure of functional group (R-O-R')
- Isomerism of Ether
- Preparation of Ethers
- Physical Properties of Ethers
- Chemical Properties of Ethers
- Uses of Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Ketones
- Nature of Carbonyl Group
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes
- Nomenclature of Ketones
- Preparation of Aldehydes
- Preparation of Ketones
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes
- Physical Properties of Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reduction
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Oxidation
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Other Reactions
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Introduction of Carboxylic Acids
- Classification of Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Structure of the Carboxyl group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of O-H Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of C-OH Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving –COOH Group
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- Introduction of Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- Classification of Amines
- Structure of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Amines
- Nomenclature of Animes
- Preparation of Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Basic Character of Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Alkylation and Acylation
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Arylsulphonyl Chloride
- Reaction with Grignard Reagent
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution
- Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Uses of Amines
- Introduction of Diazonium Salts
- Diazonium Salts
- Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Displacement of Nitrogen
- Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Retention of Diazo Group
- Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
- Cyanides and Isocyanides
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Classification of Carbohydrates
- Structures of Some Monosaccharides
- D- and L-configuration
- Monosaccahrides
- Preparation of Glucose
- Structures of Glucose
- Structure of Fructose
- Oligosaccharides
- Disaccharides - Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose
- Polysaccharides - Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen
- Importance of Carbohydrates
- Introduction of Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Classification of Amino Acids
- Structure of Proteins
- Denaturation of Proteins
- Introduction of Enzymes
- Hormones
- Introduction of Vitamins
- Vitamins
- Classification of Vitamins
- Introduction of Nucleic Acids
- Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids
- Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids
- Structure of Nucleosides
- Structure of Nucleotide
Polymers
- Introduction of Polymers
- Classification of Polymers Based on Source
- Classification of Polymers Based on Structure
- Classification of Polymers Based on Mode of Polymerisation
- Classification of Polymers Based on Molecular Forces
- Classification Based on the Types of Monomeric Units
- Classification Based on the Biodegradability
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Some Important Polymers
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Molecular Mass of Polymers
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Polymers of Commercial Importance
Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Drugs and Their Classification
- Designing of a Drug and Action of Drugs on Targets
- Drug-target Interaction - Enzymes as Drug Targets
- Drug-target Interaction - Receptors as Drug Targets
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Neurologically Active Drugs
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antimicrobials
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antifertility Drugs
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antacids
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antihistamines
- Chemicals in Food - Artificial Sweetening Agents and Food Preservatives
- Cleansing Agents
- Cleansing Agents - Soaps
- Preparation from Soap: Saponification
- Cleansing Agents - Synthetic Detergents
Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
- Introduction of Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
- Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds - Detection of Other Elements
- Detection of Functional Groups in Organic Compounds
- Chemistry Involved in Preparation of Organic Compounds
- Chemistry Involved in Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
- Chemistry Involved in Titrimetric Exercises
- Chemical Principles Involved in the Qualitative Salt Analysis
- Chemical Principles Involved in the Determination of Enthalpy of Solution
- Chemical Principles Involved in Enthalpy of Neutralization of Strong Acid and Strong Base
- Chemical Principles Involved in Preparation of Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sols
- Chemical Principles Involved in the Kinetic Study of Reaction of Iodide Ion with Hydrogen Peroxide at Room Temperature
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