Topics
Living World
- What is ‘Living’?
- Taxonomical Aids
Systematics of Living Organisms
- Systematics of Living Organisms (Introduction)
- Systematics of Living Organisms (Introduction)
- Concept of Systematics
- Concept of Systematics
- Classification of Taxonomy
- Classification of Taxonomy
- Three Domains of Life
- Three Domains of Life
- Chemotaxonomy
- Chemotaxonomy
- Numerical Taxonomy
- Numerical Taxonomy
- Cladogram
- Cladogram
- Phylogeny
- Phylogeny
- DNA Barcoding
- DNA Barcoding
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Units of Classification
- Units of Classification
- Binomial Nomenclature
- Binomial Nomenclature
- Salient Features of Five Kingdoms
- Salient Features of Five Kingdoms
- Acellular Organisms
- Acellular Organisms
Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae
- Salient Features of Major Plant Groups Under Cryptogams
- Salient Features of Major Plant Groups Under Phanerogams
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
Kingdom Animalia
- Criteria Used for Animal Classification
- Animal Body Plan
- Animal Classification
Cell Structure and Organization
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- Types of Cells
- Components of Eukaryotic Cell
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules in Living System
- Biomolecules in the Cell
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Enzymes
- Nature of Enzyme Action
- Nomenclature of Enzymes
- Classification of Enzymes
- Mechanism of Enzyme Action
- Enzyme - Substrate Interactions
- Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Metabolism
- Metabolic Pool
- Secondary metabolites (SMs)
Cell Division
- Introduction of Cell Division
- Cell Cycle
- Types of Cell Division
- Significance of Mitosis
- Significance of Mitosis
Plant Tissues and Anatomy
- Tissues - “The Teams of Workers”
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Tissue System
- Secondary Growth in Plants
- Wood
- Cork Cambium and Secondary Growth
- Anatomy of Root, Stem and Leaf
Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Angiosperms
- Morphology
- Study of Some Important Families
Animal Tissue
Study of Animal Type : Cockroach
- Habit and Habitat
- Systematic Position
- External Morphology
- Body Cavity
- Digestive System of Cockroach
- Circulatory System Or Blood Vascular System
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Excretory System
- Human Nervous System
- Reproduction System
- Interactions with Mankind
Photosynthesis
- Introduction of Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts
- Nature of Light
- Mechanism of Photosynthesis
- Light Dependent Reaction (Hill Reaction \ Light Reaction)
- Photophosphorylation
- Light Independent Reactions (Dark Reaction \ Biosynthetic Phase)
- Photorespiration
- C4 Pathway Or Hatch-slack Pathway
- Cam - Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Respiration and Energy Transfer
- Formation of ATP
- Respiration
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Phases of Respiration: Glycolysis
- Phases of Respiration: Pyruvate Oxidation (Link Reaction)
- Phases of Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Phases of Respiration: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle Or Kreb’s Cycle)
- Phases of Respiration: Electron Transport Chain (Electron Transfer System)
- Phases of Respiration: Fermentation
- Respiratory Balance Sheet
- Amphibolic Pathways
- Utility of Stepwise Oxidation
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
Human Nutrition
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Component of Food
- Human Digestive System
- The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- The Salivary Glands
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- Tongue
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Pancreas
- The Large Intestine
- Liver
- Physiology of Digestion
- Absorption of Food
- Assimilation of Food
- Egestion of Food
- Nutritional and Digestive Tract Disorders
Excretion and Osmoregulation
- Excretion: Substances to Be Eliminated
- Modes of Excretion: Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, and Uricotelism
- Human Excretory System
- Kidney and Its Internal Structure
- Kidney Tubule (Nephrons)
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Concentration of Urine
- Composition of Urine
- Accessory Excretory Organs
- Common Disorders of the Urinary System
Skeleton and Movement
- Movements and Locomotion
- Location and Structure of Skeletal Muscles
- Working of Skeletal Muscles
- Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
- Physiology of Muscle Relaxation
- Relaxation of Muscle Fibres
- Skeletal System
- Group of Skeleton
- Types of Joints
- Disorders Related to Muscles
- Disorders Related to Bones
- Kingdom Plantae
- Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
Notes
The first level of classification among plants depends on whether the plant body has well-differentiated, distinct parts. The next level of classification is based on whether the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transport of water and other substances. Further classification looks at the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits.
THALLOPHYTA
- Plants that do not have well-differentiated body designs fall into this group.
- The plants in this group are commonly called algae.
- These plants are predominantly aquatic.
- Examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Ulva, and Chara.
BRYOPHYTA
- These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
- The plant body is commonly differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures. However, there is no specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.
- Examples are moss (Funaria) and Marchantia.
PTERIDOPHYTA
- In this group, the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves and has specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.
- Some examples are Marsilea, ferns, and horsetails.
- The reproductive organs of plants in all
these three groups are very inconspicuous,
and they are therefore called ‘cryptogams’, or
‘those with hidden reproductive organs.' - On the other hand, plants with well-differentiated
reproductive parts that ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams. - Seeds are the result of the sexual reproduction process. They consist of the embryo along with stored food, which assists in the initial growth of the embryo during germination.
This group is further classified, based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits, giving us two groups:
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms.
GYMNOSPERMS
- This term is derived from two Greek words: 'gymno' means naked and 'sperma' means seed.
- The plants of this group bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen and woody.
- Examples are pines and deodar
ANGIOSPERMS
- This word is made from two Greek words: angio means covered and Sperma – means seed. These are also called flowering plants.
- The seeds develop inside an ovary which is modified to become a fruit.
- Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons. Cotyledons are called ‘seed leaves’ because in many instances they emerge and become green when the seed germinates.
The angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seed.
- Monocotyledonous/monocots - Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon.
- Dicots - Plants with seeds having two cotyledons.
Characteristics of Kingdom- Plantae
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Eukaryote
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Multicellular (except thallophyta which can be unicellular)
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Autotrophic
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Cell wall present
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Classified into 5 subgroups -
-
CRYPTOGAMAE
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Thallophyta
-
Bryophyta
-
Pteridophyta
-
-
PHANEROGAMS
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Gymnosperms
-
Angiosperms
-
-
Classification is based on the following criteria:
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Plant body: if well-differentiated into Root, Stem, and Leaves.
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Vascular system: specialized vascular system i.e. e. Phloem and Xylem for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another are present or not.
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Seed formation: Presence or absence of flowers and seeds, and if the seeds are naked or enclosed in a fruit.
I. Cryptogamae:
Cryptogamae (hidden reproductive organs) - have naked embryos that are called spores.
1) Thallophyta:
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Commonly called algae
-
Maybe unicellular or multicellular
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Do not have a well-differentiated body
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Predominantly aquatic (freshwater or marine)
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They have a soft, fiber-like body.
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Examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, and Chara
2) Bryophyta:
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These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
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They are multicellular.
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Body differentiated to form the stem and leaf-like structures.
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No specialized vascular tissue
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The body is flat, ribbon-like
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These plants reproduce asexually by spore-formation and sexually by zygote formation.
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Examples are moss and Marchantia
3) Pteridophyta:
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The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves
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Has specialized vascular tissue for conduction
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Examples are Marsilea, ferns
II. Phanerogams:
Phanerogams - well differentiated reproductive tissues that make seeds
1) Gymnosperms:
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Naked seed
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Usually perennial, evergreen and woody.
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Their stems are without branches
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They do not form fruits.
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Examples are pines, cycas, etc
2) Angiosperms:
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Covered seeds
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Also called flowering plants
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Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons.
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On the basis of these cotyledons, they are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seed.
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Monocots
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Dicots
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Monocots | Dicots |
Two cotyledons | One cotyledon |
Tap root | Fibrous root |
Strong and hard stem | Hollow/false or disc-like stem |
Leaf shows Reticulate venation | Leaf shows parallel venation |
Flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous | Flowers are trimerous |
Shaalaa.com | Kingdom Plantae
Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [2]
Match the proper terms from columns A and C with the description in column B.
‘A’ | ‘B’ | ‘C’ |
Thallophyta | Seeds are formed in fruits. | Fern |
Bryophyta | No natural covering on seeds. | Cycas |
Pteridophyta | These plants mainly grow in water. | Tamarind |
Gymnosperms | These plants need water for reproduction. | Moss |
Angiosperms | Tissues are present for the conduction of water and food | Algae |