Topics
Reproduction
Reproduction in Organisms
- Introduction of Reproduction in Organisms
- Modes of Reproduction
- Introduction of Sexual Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction
- Pre-fertilisation Events - Gametogenesis
- Pre-fertilisation Events - Gamete Transfer
- Fertilization in Human
- Post-fertilisation Events - the Zygote
- Post-fertilisation Events - Embryogenesis
- Reproduction in Organisms (Questions)
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Introduction of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Flower – a Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
- Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
- The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule) and Embryo Sac
- Pre-fertilization in Plant: Pollination
- Double Fertilization in Plants
- Post Fertilization in Plant: Development of Endosperm
- Embryo
- Seed
- Polyembryony
- Development of Male Gametophytes
- Development of Female Gametophytes
- Artificial Hybridization
- Significance of Seed Dispersal and Fruit Formation
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Human Reproduction
- Human Reproduction Introduction
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Gametogenesis in Animal
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Fertilisation and Implantation
- Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
- Parturition and Lactation
- Microscopic Anatomy of Testis
- Microscopic Anatomy of Ovary
- Embryo Development Upto Blastocyst Formation
- Human Reproduction Questions
Reproductive Health
Genetics and Evolution
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation Introduction
- Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Law of Dominance
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Segregation - Incomplete Dominance
- Law of Segregation - Co-dominance
- Dihybrid Cross - Inheritance Two Genes and Law of Independent Assortment
- Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Linkage and Crossing Over
- Introduction of Sex Determination
- Sex Determination
- Concept of Mutation
- Pedigree Analysis
- Genetic Disorders
- Genetic Disorders
- Elementary Idea of Polygenic Inheritance
- Deviations from Mendelism - Incomplete Dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles and Inheritance of Blood Groups, Pleiotropy
- Heredity and Variation
- Sex Determination in Birds
- Sex Determination in Honey Bees
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation Question
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Introduction of Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Structure of Polynucleotide Chain
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- Introduction of Search for Genetic Material
- The Genetic Material is a DNA
- Properties of Genetic Material (DNA Versus RNA)
- Concept of RNA World
- The Experimental Proof
- The Machinery and the Enzymes
- Introduction of Transcription
- Transcription Unit
- Transcription Unit and the Gene
- Types of RNA and the Process of Transcription
- Introduction of Genetic Code
- Mutations and Genetic Code
- tRNA – the Adapter Molecule
- Concept of Translation
- Introduction of Regulation of Gene Expression
- The Lac Operon
- Human Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting Technique
- Structure of DNA and RNA
- Structure of Nucleotide
- Rice Genome Project
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Questions)
Evolution
- Origin and Evolution of Universe and Earth
- Origin of Life (Theories)
- Evolution of Life Forms - a Theory
- Evidence of Organic Evolution
- Adaptive Radiation
- Biological Evolution
- Mechanism of Organic Evolution
- Hardy Weinberg’s Principle
- Brief Account of Evolution
- Human Evolution
- Theories of Evolution: Darwinism or Theory of Natural Selection
- Micro and Macro Evolution
- Speciation
- Evolution Stages
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Gene Flow and Genetic Drift
- Evolution (Questions)
Biology and Human Welfare
Human Health and Diseases
- Introduction of Human Health and Diseases
- Common Diseases in Humans
- Immunity
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
- Cancer
- Introduction of Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Adolescence - Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Addiction and Dependence
- Effects of Drug/Alcohol Abuse
- Prevention and Control
- Infectious and Non Infectious Disease
- Maintaining Good Health, Yoga, Excercise
- Human Health and Diseases (Questions)
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Microbes in Human Welfare
Biotechnology and Its Applications
Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
Biotechnology and Its Application
Ecology and Environment
Organisms and Populations
- Introduction of Organisms and Populations
- Ecology (Organism, Population, Community and Biome)
- Introduction of Organisms and Environment
- Major Abiotic Factors
- Responses to Abiotic Factors
- Adaptations and Its Types
- Population Attributes
- Population Growth
- Life History Variation
- Population Interactions
- Population and Ecological Adaptations
- Organisms and Populations (Questions)
Ecosystem
Biodiversity and Its Conservation
Environmental Issues
- Environmental Issues
- Prevention of Air Pollution
- Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution: a Case Study of Delhi
- Introduction of Water Pollution and Its Control
- Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents
- A Case Study of Integrated Waste Water Treatment
- Concept of Solid Wastes
- Agrochemicals and Their Effects
- Radioactive Wastes
- Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
- Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
- Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance
- Deforestation and Its Causes
- Radioactive Waste Management and E-waste
- Solid Waste Management
- Noise Pollution
- Environmental Issues
notes
Water Pollution
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances such as chemicals and waste materials like garbage are present in water that affect its quality and the presence of life in it.
The causes of Water Pollution
Waste from Industries – The industries often release chemicals directly into water bodies such as rivers and seas which contaminates it.
Sewage – The waste produced from households is often released into the water which gives rise to harmful bacteria in the water.
Mining Activities – The metal wastes obtained from mining activities harm the organisms present in water
Usage of Fertilizers and Pesticides – The chemicals present in fertilizers and pesticides are extremely harmful to aquatic animals, plants as well as animal consumption.
The Effects of Water Pollution
Addition of unwanted substances such as fertilizers pesticides and industrial wastes can make it poisonous and extremely harmful for consumption.
It can also lead to an increase in bacteria that causes severe diseases like Cholera.
Water pollution can lead to a decrease in the amount of Oxygen and nutrients in the water which affects the aquatic life.
Water pollution can cause changes in the temperature of water. An increase in temperature is not suitable for all the aquatic animals especially their eggs.
The water cycle refers to the continuous movement of water from the sky to the ground and then back again. The water cycle can be divided into different stages:
Evaporation- Water from the Earth evaporates into water vapours and travels up to the atmosphere.
Condensation – The water cools down and forms clouds up in the atmosphere.
Rainfall, Snowfall or Precipitation – The water then falls back to the ground
The water that falls on the earth and travels through different pathways before it finally falls back into the sea and oceans via rivers. Some of the water is also being utilized by the plants, animals and human beings present on the earth. But the journey of water continues in the form of the water cycle.
Shaalaa.com | Water Pollution harmful effect
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