Topics
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Importance of Chemistry
- Historical Approach to Particulate Nature of Matter
- Nature of Matter
- The International System of Units (Si)
- Mass and Weight
- Scientific Notation
- Significant Figures
- Dimensional Analysis
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Definite Proportions
- Law of Multiple Proportions
- Gay Lussac’S Law of Gaseous Volumes
- Avogadro Law
- Dalton'S Atomic Theory
- Atomic Mass
- Average Atomic Mass
- Molecular Mass
- Formula Mass
- Mole Concept and Molar Masses
- Percentage Composition
- Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations - Introduction
- Limiting Reagent
- Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations - Reactions in Solutions
- Introduction of Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Structure of Atom
- Discovery of Electron
- Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron
- Charge on the Electron
- Discovery of Protons and Neutrons
- Concept of Atomic Models
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Atomic Number (Z)
- Mass Number (A) or Atomic Mass
- Isobars
- Isotopes
- Drawbacks of Rutherford Atomic Model
- Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
- Electromagnetic Waves : Numericals
- Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck'S Quantum Theory
- Evidence for the Quantized Electronic Energy Levels - Atomic Spectra
- Bohr'S Model for Hydrogen Atom
- Dual Behaviour of Matter
- Heisenberg’S Uncertainty Principle
- Concept of Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Concept Of Shells and Subshells
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Energies of Orbitals
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Filling of Orbitals in Atom
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Electronic Configuration of Atoms
- Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom - Stability of Completely Filled and Half Filled Subshells
- Structure of Atom Numericals
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Significance of Classification of Elements
- Genesis of Periodic Classification
- Modern Periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table
- Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number Greater than 100
- Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration
- The s-Block Elements
- The p-Block Elements
- The d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)
- The f-Block Elements (Inner-transition Elements)
- Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
- Atomic Radius
- Ionic Radius
- Ionization Enthalpy
- Electron Gain Enthalpy
- Electronegativity
- Periodicity of Valence Or Oxidation States
- Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements
- Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity
- Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Numericals
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Concept of Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Octet Rule
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bond
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Lewis Representation of Simple Molecules (The Lewis Structures)
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Formal Charge
- Kossel-lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding - Limitations of the Octet Rule
- Concept of Ionic Or Electrovalent Bond
- Bond Length
- Bond Angle
- Bond Enthalpy
- Bond Order
- Resonance Structures
- Polarity of Bonds
- The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (Vsepr) Theory
- Valence Bond Theory
- Valence Bond Theory - Orbital Overlap Concept
- Valence Bond Theory - Directional Properties of Bonds
- Valence Bond Theory - Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
- Valence Bond Theory - Types of Overlapping and Nature of Covalent Bonds
- Valence Bond Theory - Strength of Sigma and Pi Bonds
- Hybridisation - Introduction
- Types of Hybridisation
- Hybridisation of Elements Involving d Orbitals
- Molecular Orbital Theory - Introduction
- Formation of Molecular Orbitals - Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (Lcao)
- Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals
- Types of Molecular Orbitals
- Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals
- Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour
- Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
- Hydrogen Bonding - Introduction
- Cause of Formation of Hydrogen Bond
- Types of H-Bonds
- Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Numericals
- States of Matter:- Gases and Liquids Numericals
States of Matter:- Gases and Liquids
- Intermolecular Forces - Introduction
- Dispersion Forces Or London Forces
- Dipole - Dipole Forces
- Dipole-induced Dipole Forces
- Hydrogen Bond
- Thermal Energy
- Intermolecular Forces Vs. Thermal Interactions
- The Gaseous State
- Boyle’S Law (Pressure - Volume Relationship)
- Charles’ Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship)
- Gay Lussac’S Law (Pressure- Temperature Relationship)
- Avogadro Law
- Derivation of Ideal Gas Equation
- Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance
- Dalton’S Law of Partial Pressures
- Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Behaviour of Real Gases:- Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
- Liquifaction of Gases
- Vapour Pressure
- Surface Tension
- Viscosity
- States of Matter:- Gases and Liquids Numericals
Chemical Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic Terms
- The State of the System
- The Internal Energy as a State Function - Work
- The Internal Energy as a State Function - Heat
- The Internal Energy as a State Function - The General Case
- Work
- Enthalpy, H - A Useful New State Function
- Enthalpy, H - Extensive and Intensive Properties
- Enthalpy, H - Heat Capacity
- Enthalpy, H - The Relationship Between Cp and Cv for an Ideal Gas
- Measurement of ∆U and ∆H Calorimetry - ∆U Measurements
- Measurement of ∆U and ∆H Calorimetry - ∆H Measurements
- Standard Enthalpy of Reactions
- Enthalpy Changes During Phase Transformations
- Standard Enthalpy of Formation
- Thermochemical Equations
- Hess’ Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Standard Enthalpy of Combustion
- Enthalpy of Atomization
- Bond Enthalpy
- Enthalpy of Solution
- Lattice Enthalpy
- Is Decrease in Enthalpy a Criterion for Spontaneity
- Entropy and Spontaneity
- Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
- Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
Equilibrium
- Concept of Equilibrium
- Solid-liquid Equilibrium
- Liquid-vapour Equilibrium
- Solid - Vapour Equilibrium
- Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Solid in Liquids
- Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Gases in Liquids
- General Characteristics of Equilibria Involving Physical Processes
- Equilibrium in Chemical Processes - Dynamic Equilibrium
- Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant
- Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems
- Heterogeneous Equlibria
- Predicting the Extent of a Reaction
- Predicting the Direction of the Reaction
- Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
- Relationship Between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G
- Change of concentration
- Change of Pressure
- Addition of Inert Gas
- Change of Temperature
- Effect of Catalyst
- Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
- Concept of Acids, Bases and Salts
- Arrhenius, BroNsted-lowry and Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
- Concept of Ionization of Acids and Bases
- The Ionization Constant of Water and Its Ionic Product
- The pH Scale
- Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
- Ionization of Weak Bases
- Relation Between Ka and Kb
- Di- and Polybasic Acids and Di- and Polyacidic Bases
- Factors Affecting Acid Strength
- Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases
- Hydrolysis of Salts and the Ph of Their Solutions
- Buffer Solutions
- Concept of Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
Redox Reactions
- Classical Idea of Redox Reactions - Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
- Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions - Introduction
- Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions - Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions
- Oxidation Number - Introduction
- Types of Redox Reactions
- Balancing of Redox Reactions
- Redox Reactions as the Basis for Titrations
- Limitations of Concept of Oxidation Number
- Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
Hydrogen
- Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
- Dihydrogen
- Preparation of Dihydrogen
- Properties of Dihydrogen
- Ionic Or Saline Hydrides
- Covalent Or Molecular Hydride
- Metallic Or Non-stoichiometric (Or Interstitial) Hydrides
- Physical Properties of Water
- Structure of Water
- Structure of Ice
- Chemical Properties of Water
- Hard and Soft Water
- Temporary Hardness of Water
- Permanent Hardness of Water
- Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Physical Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Structure of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Storage of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide
- Heavy Water
- Dihydrogen as a Fuel
S-block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
- Group 1 Elements - Alkali Metals
- General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals
- Anomalous Properties of Lithium
- Some Important Compounds of Sodium
- Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium
- Group 2 Elements - Alkaline Earth Metals
- General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals
- Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium
- Some Important Compounds of Calcium
- Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium
Some P-block Elements
- P-block Elements - Introduction
- Group 13 Elements - The Boron Family
- Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron
- Some Important Compounds of Boron
- Uses of Boron and Aluminium and Their Compounds
- Group 14 Elements - The Carbon Family
- Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
- Allotropes of Carbon - Diamond
- Allotropes of Carbon - Graphite
- Allotropes of Carbon - Fullerenes
- Allotropes of Carbon - Uses of Carbon
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Carbon Monoxide
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Carbon Dioxide
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Silicon Dioxide
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Silicones
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Silicates
- Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon - Zeolites
Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
- Tetravalence of Carbon - Shapes of Organic Compounds
- Complete, Condensed and Bond-line Structural Formulas
- Three-dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules
- Classification of Organic Compounds
- The IUPAC System of Nomenclature
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Having Functional Group(s)
- Nomenclature of Substituted Benzene Compounds
- Isomerism
- Fission of a Covalent Bond
- Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
- Electron Movement in Organic Reactions
- Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds
- Inductive Effect
- Resonance Structure
- Resonance Effect
- Electromeric Effect (E Effect)
- Hyperconjugation
- Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms
- Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds - Introduction
- Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds - Sublimation
- Crystallization
- Distillation
- Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds - Differential Extraction
- Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds - Chromatography
- Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds - Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen
- Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds - Detection of Other Elements
- Quantitative Analysis of Carbon and Hydrogen
- Quantitative Analysis of Nitrogen
- Quantitative Analysis of Halogens
- Quantitative Analysis of Sulphur
- Quantitative Analysis of Phosphorus
- Quantitative Analysis of Oxygen
Hydrocarbons
- Classification of Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes - Introduction
- Nomenclature and Isomerism
- Preparation of Alkanes from Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Chemical Properties of Alkanes
- Conformations (Ethane)
- Alkenes - Introduction
- Structure of Double Bond
- Nomenclature
- Isomerism
- Preparation of Alkenes from Alkynes, Alkyl Halides, Vicinal Dihalides and Alcohols by Acidic Dehydration
- Physical Properties of Alkenes
- Chemical Properties of Alkenes
- Alkynes - Introduction
- Nomenclature and Isomerism
- Structure of Triple Bond
- Preparation of Alkynes from Calcium Carbide and Vicinal Dihalides
- Physical Properties of Alkynes
- Chemical Properties of Alkynes
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Introduction
- Nomenclature and Isomerism
- Structure of Benzene
- Aromaticity
- Preparation of Benzene
- Physical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Chemical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Directive Influence of a Functional Group in Monosubstituted Benzene
- Carcinogenicity and Toxicity
Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental Pollution - Introduction
- Tropospheric Pollution - Gaseous Air Pollutants
- Tropospheric Pollution - Particulate Pollutants
- Stratospheric Pollution
- Causes of Water Pollution
- International Standards for Drinking Water
- Soil Pollution - Pesticides, Herbicides
- Industrial Waste
- Strategies to Control Environmental Pollution
- Green Chemistry - Introduction
- Green Chemistry in Day-to-day Life
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sp, sp2, sp3
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