Topics
Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Carbon Compounds
- Concept of Carbon
- Bonding in Carbon - Covalent Bond
- Versatile Nature of Carbon
- Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
- Chains, Branches and Rings of Carbon Compound
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds - Combustion
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds - Addition Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds - Substitution Reaction
- Properties of Ethanol
- Properties of Ethanoic Acid
- Soaps and Detergents
Metals and Non Metals
- Metal and Its Physical Properties
- Non Metals and Its Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals Are Burnt in Air
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals React with Water
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals React with Acids
- Chemical Properties of Metals: Metals React with Solutions of Other Metal Salts
- Chemical Properties of Metals: Reactivity Series
- Reaction of Metals with Non-metals
- Formation and Properties of Ionic Compounds
- Occurrence of Metals
- Extraction of Metals from Ore
- Enrichment of Ores
- Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals Towards the Top of the Activity Series
- Refining of Metals
- Concept of Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
Periodic Classification of Elements
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Concept of Acid and Its Properties
- Concept of Base
- Acid and Base Indicator
- Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases
- Reaction of Acids and Bases with Metals
- Reaction of Acids with Metal Carbonates and Hydrogencarbonates
- Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids
- Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base
- Acids and Bases React with Each Other
- Acid Or a Base in a Water Solution
- Strength of Acids and Bases
- Concept of Salts
- Ph of Salts
- Chemicals from Common Salt
- Preparation and Uses of Sodium Hydroxide
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
Chemical Reactions
- Concept of Physical Changes
- Concept of Chemical Changes
- Concept of Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing of a Chemical Equation
- Combination Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Displacement Reaction
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Oxidation and Reduction
- Concept of Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
- Concept of Rancidity
- Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
World of Living
Heredity and Evolution
- Evolution and Classification - Introduction
- Accumulation of Variation During Reproduction
- Heredity - Inherited Traits
- Rules for the Inheritance of Traits - Mendel’S Contributions
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Concepts of Evolution
- Evolution - Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Speciation
- Heredity and Evolution
- Evolution and Classification - Tracing Evolutionary Relationships
- Evolution and Classification - Fossils
- Evolution by Stages
- Human Evolution
Reproduction
- Reproduction in Plant
- Reproductive Health - Need and Methods of Family Planning
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Single Organisms - Fission
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Fragmentation
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Regeneration
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Single Organisms - Budding
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Vegetative Propagation
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Spore Formation
- Sexual Reproduction in Animals
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Human Reproductive System
- Reproduction in Plant
Control and Co-ordination in Animals and Plants
- Control and Co-ordination Introduction
- Tropic Movements in Plants
- Coordination in Plants - Movement Due to Growth
- Coordination in Plants - Immediate Response to Stimulus
- Hormones in Animals
- Control and Co-ordination in Animals
- Importance of Variation
- Animals – Nervous System
- Human Brain - Voluntary Action
- Human Brain - Involuntary Action
- Human Brain - Reflex Action
- Control and Co-ordination Questions
Life Processes
Natural Phenomena
- Refraction of Light
- Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Linear Magnification (M) Due to Spherical Mirrors
- Velocity of Light
- Refraction of Light
- Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Refractive Index
- Refraction by Spherical Lenses
- Convex Lens
- Concave Lens
- Convex Lens
- Concave Lens
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Magnification of a Lens
- Power of a Lens
- Concept of Human Eye
- Defects of Vision and Their Correction
- Applications of Spherical Mirrors and Lenses
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Atmospheric Refraction
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
Effects of Current
Magnetic Effects of Current
- Magnetic Effect of a Current
- Magnetic Field Lines
- Magnetic Force
- The Bar Magnet
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current carrying Straight Conductor
- Right-Hand Thumb Rule
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Through a Circular Loop
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Solenoid
- Force Acting on Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electric Generator - Ac
- Domestic Electric Circuits
- Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
- Introduction of Magnetism
Effects of Current
- Effects of Current Introduction
- Electric Current
- Electric Potential
- Electric Potential Difference
- Electric Circuit
- Ohm’s Law
- Factors on Which the Resistance of a Conductor Depends
- Resistance of a System of Resistors - Resistors in Series
- Resistance of a System of Resistors - Resistors in Parallel
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Electric Power
- Effects of Current Numericals
Natural Resources
Management of Natural Resources
- Conservation and Judicious Use of Natural Resources
- Need to Manage Our Resources
- Forests and Wild Life - Stakeholders
- Forests and Wild Life - Sustainable Management
- Coal and Petroleum
- Water for All - Dams
- Water for All - Water Harvesting
- Overview of Natural Resource Management
- Sustainability of Natural Resources
- Concept of Rainwater Harvesting (Importance)
Our Environment
Sources of Energy
- Sources of Energy Introduction
- Good Source of Energy
- Different Forms of Energy
- Conventional Sources of Energy
- Conventional Sources of Energy - Thermal Power Plant
- Conventional Sources of Energy - Hydro Power Plants
- Improvements in the Technology for Using Conventional Sources of Energy
- Alternative or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Solar Energy
- Alternative or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Energy from the Sea
- Alternative Or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Geothermal Energy
- Alternative or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Nuclear Energy
- Environmental Consequences
- Energy Source - How Long Will Last Us
- Renewable Versus Non-renewable Sources
notes
REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEINGS:-
-Humans use sexual mode of reproduction.
-Sexual maturation: The period of life when production of germ cells i.e. Ova (female) and sperm (male) start in the body. This period of sexual maturation is called puberty.
Changes at puberty:-
Male and females:-
-Thick hair growth in armpits and genital areas.
-Skin becomes oily, may result in pimples.
In females:-
-Breast size increases
-Girls begin to menstruate.
In males:-
-Thick hair growth on face
-voice begins to crack
These changes signal that sexual maturity is taking place
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:-
(i)Testes:-
-A pair of testes are located inside the scrotum which is present outside the abdominal cavity.
-scrotum has a relatively lower temperature needed for the production of sperms.
-male germ cell i.e. sperms are formed here.
-testes release male sex hormone (testosterone)
Functions:-
-regulate production of sperms.
-bring changes at puberty.
(ii) Vas deferns:
- It passes the sperm from the testes to the urethera.
(iii Urethera:-
- it is a common passage for both sperm and urine.
(iv) Associated gland:-
- Seminal vesicles and prostate gland add their secretion to the sperms. This fluid provides nourishment to sperms and make their transport easy.
- sperm along with secretion of glands form semen.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
(i) Ovary
- A pair of ovary is located at both sides of the abdomen.
- Female germ cell i.e. eggs are produced here.
- At the time of birth of a girl, thousand of immature eggs are present in the ovary
- At the onset of puberty, some of these eggs start maturing.
- One egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries.
(ii) Oviduct or Fallopian tube:-
- Receives the egg produced by the ovary and transfer it to the uterus.
- Fertilization i.e. fusion of gametes takes place here.
(iii) Uterus
- It is a bag like structure where development of the baby takes place
- uterus opens into vagina through cervix.
FERTILISATION OF EGG:-
- The fertilized egg called zygote is planted in uterus and develops into an embryo.
- The embryo gets nutrition from the mothers blood with the help of special tissue called placenta. It provides a large surface area for the exchange of glucose, oxygen and waste material.
- The time period from fertilization upto the birth of the baby is called gestation period.
WHEN EGG IS NOT FERTILISED:-
- The uterus prepares itself every month to receive fertilized egg
-The lining of the uterus becomes thick and spongy, required to support the embryo.
-When fertilisation had not taken place this lining is not needed any longer.
-This lining breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucus.
-this cycle takes around 28 days every month and is called menstruation.
IMPLANTATION: In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus. At this stage of parental development, the conceptus is called a blastocyst. It is by this adhesion that the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow.
PLACENTA: The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord arises from it. The organ is usually attached to the top, side, front or back of the uterus. In rare cases, the placenta might attach in the lower uterine region (placenta previa).
GESTATION: Gestation, in mammals, the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or fetus is developing in the uterus.
PARTURTION: The act or process of giving birth is known as parturtion.
Video Tutorials
Shaalaa.com | Reproduction part 16 (Sexual reproduction in humans: Puberty)
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