Topics
Matter in Our Surroundings
- Matter (Substance)
- Characteristics of Particles (Molecules) of Matter
- The Solid State
- The Liquid State
- The Gaseous State
- Plasma
- Bose-einstein Condensate
- Change of State of Matter
- Concept of Melting (Fusion)
- Concept of Boiling (Vaporization)
- Concept of Sublimation
- Concept of Freezing (Solidification)
- Concept of Condensation (Liquefaction)
- Concept of Desublimation (Deposition)
- Concept of Evaporation
Is Matter Around Us Pure
- Matter (Substance)
- Types of Matter
- Mixture
- Types of Mixtures
- Solutions
- Concentration of a Solution
- Suspension Solution
- Colloidal Solution
- Evaporation Method
- Centrifugation Method
- Solvent Extraction (Using a Separating Funnel Method)
- Sublimation Method
- Chromatography Method
- Distillation Method
- Fractional Distillation Method
- Crystallisation Method
- Classification of Change: Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Pure Substances
- Compound
- Elements
Atoms and Molecules
- History of Atom
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- Law of Constant Proportions or Law of Definite Proportions
- Dalton’s atomic theory
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Symbols Used to Represent Atoms of Different Elements
- Atomic Mass
- Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
- Molecules
- Classification of Molecules
- Difference Between Atoms and Molecules
- Ions (Radicals) and Its Types
- Chemical Formula Or Molecular Formula
- Molecular Mass
- Formula Unit Mass
- Mole Concept
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
Structure of the Atom
- Introduction of Atoms
- Existence of Charged Particles in Matter
- Atoms: Building Blocks of Matter
- Discovery of Charged Particles in Matter
- Protons (p)
- Electrons (e)
- Neutrons (n)
- J. J. Thomson’s Atomic model
- Advantage and Limitations of Thomson’s Atomic Model
- Lord Rutherford’s Atomic model
- Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
- Neils Bohr’s Model of an Atom
- Electronic Configuration of Atom
- Valency
- Different Ways to Determine Valency
- Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), and Number of Neutrons (n)
- Atomic Mass
- Isotopes
- Applications of Isotopes
- Isobars
- Atoms and Molecules Numericals
The Fundamental Unit of Life
- Cell: the Fundamental Unit of Life
- The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell
- Cell Theory
- Organisms Show Variety in Cell Number, Shape and Size
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
- Concept of Diffusion
- Concept of Osmosis
- Osmotic Pressure
- Structure of a Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Semi-permeable Membrane (Cell Membrane)
- Cell Wall - “Supporter and Protector”
- Nucleus - “Brain” of the Cell
- Cytoplasm - “Area of Movement”
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi Apparatus - "The delivery system of the cell"
- Lysosome - “Suicidal Bag”
- Mitochondria - “Power House of the Cell”
- Plastids
- Non-living Substances Or Cell Inclusion
- Plant Cell and Animal Cell
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
Tissues
- Tissues – “The Teams of Workers”
- Plant and Animals Tissue
- Plant Tissues
- Meristems Or Meristematic Tissues
- Permanent Tissue
- Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissues
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Complex Permanent Tissue: Phloem Structure and Function (Conducting Tissue)
- Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
Diversity in Living Organisms
- Biodiversity
- Biological Classification
- Classification
- Taxonomic Hierarchy of Living Organisms: Unit of Classification
- Five Kingdom Classification
- Kingdom Monera
- Kingdom Protista
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Differences Between Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Algae)
- Kingdom Plantae: Thallophyta (Fungi)
- Kingdom Plantae: Bryophytes (Mosses)
- Kingdom Plantae: Pteridophytes (Ferns)
- Kingdom Plantae: Gymnosperms
- Kingdom Plantae: Angiosperms
- Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum: Porifera
- Phylum: Cnidaria/Coelenterata
- Phylum: Platyhelminthes
- Invertebrate: Phylum Nematoda
- Phylum: Annelida
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Phylum: Mollusca
- Phylum: Echinodermata
- Subphylum: Prochordata
- Chordata: Vertebrata
- Invertebrata and Vertebrata
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Nomenclature
Motion
- Motion and Rest
- Motion Along a Straight Line
- Types of Motion
- Measuring the Rate of Motion - Speed with Direction
- Rate of Change of Velocity
- Distance and Displacement
- Displacement – Time Graph Or Distance – Time Graph
- Velocity - Time Graphs
- Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Velocity - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Time Relation by Graphical Method
- Derivation of Displacement - Velocity Relation by Graphical Method
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Motion (Numerical)
Force and Laws of Motion
- Force
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Force - Push or Pull
- Effect of Force
- Effect of Force
- Types of Force: Contact Force
- Types of Force: Non-Contact Force
- Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Newton's First Law of Motion
- Inertia and Mass
- Newton's Second Law of Motion
- Newton's Third Law of Motion
- Conservation of Momentum
- Force and Laws of Motion (Numerical)
Gravitation
Work and Energy
- Introduction of Work
- Definition of Work
- Concept of Energy
- Mechanical Energy and Its Different Forms
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Kinetic Energy
- Types of Mechanical Energy: Potential Energy
- Gravitational Potential Energy
- Transformation of Energy
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- Rate of Doing Work
- Work and Energy (Numericals)
Sound
Why Do We Fall ill
- Health
- Disease
- Categories of Disease
- Acute and Chronic Diseases
- Causes of Disease
- Communicable Or Infectious Diseases
- Non-communicable or Non-infectious Diseases
- Infectious Agents
- Manifestation of Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Principles of Prevention of Diseases
- Principles of Treatment of Diseases
Natural Resources
- Natural Resource
- Biosphere: The Domain of Life
- Air is a Mixture
- Atmosphere and Its Layers
- Wind: The Movement of Air
- Rain
- Air Pollution and Its Causes
- Water, Our Lifeline
- Where Do We Get Water From?
- Availability of Water
- Importance of Water
- Water Pollution and Its Causes
- Mineral Riches in the Soil
- Biogeochemical Cycle
- Water Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Oxygen Cycle
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
Improvement in Food Resources
- Improvements in Food Resources
- Improvement in Crop Yields
- Crop Variety Improvement
- Crop Production Improvement
- Crop Protection Management
- Methods to Replenish Nutrients in Your Soil
- Manuring (Biomanuring)
- Fertilizers
- Irrigation
- Types of Irrigation
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock)
- Dairy Farming (Cattle Farming)
- Poultry Farming
- Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Apiculture (Bee Farming)
notes
Velocity-Time Graphs:
To draw velocity time graphs, we will use the three equations of motion.
Case 1: Velocity-time graphs with constant velocity (zero acceleration)
When the velocity is constant, the velocity time graph, with Y-axis denoting velocity and X-axis denoting time, will be like:
As clear from the graph, the velocity is constant (c) throughout the time interval. No particles of matter how much the time changes, the velocity will be c at every instant. In this case, we have taken the initial velocity to be positive. The graph will be different if the initial velocity is negative.
Example: If the acceleration of a particle is zero (0), and velocity is constantly say 5 m/s at t =0, then it will remain constant throughout the time.
Case 2: Velocity-time graphs with constant acceleration
When the acceleration is constant (positive), and the initial velocity of the particle is zero, the velocity of the particle will increase linearly as predicted by the equation:
v = u + at
Since u = 0
v = at
As shown in the figure, the velocity of the particle will increase linearly with respect to time. The slope of the graph will give the magnitude of acceleration.
Example: If the acceleration of a particle is constant (k) and is positive, the initial velocity is zero, and then the velocity increases linearly. The slope of the velocity-time graph will give the acceleration.
Case 3: Velocity-time graphs with increasing acceleration
When the acceleration is increasing with time, the velocity-time graph will be a curve as predicted from the equation:
v = u + at
Since u = 0
v= at
Since acceleration is a function of time, velocity-time graph will be a curve.
Note: Since the acceleration is continuously increasing with time, the magnitude of the slope will also continuously increase with time.
When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by a set of equations known as the equations of motion. For convenience, a set of three such equations are given below:
v = u + at ......(1)
s = `"ut" + 1/2at^2` ......(2)
`2 as = "v"^2 – "u"^2` ......(3)
where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t, v is the final velocity, and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t. Eq.(1) describes the velocity-time relation and Eq.(2) represents the position-time relation.
Eq. (3), which represents the relation between the position and the velocity, can be obtained from Eqs.(1) and (2) by eliminating t.
These three equations can be derived by graphical method.