Topics
Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour
Carbon Compounds
- Concept of Carbon
- Bonding in Carbon - Covalent Bond
- Versatile Nature of Carbon
- Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
- Chains, Branches and Rings of Carbon Compound
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds - Combustion
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds - Addition Reaction
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds - Substitution Reaction
- Properties of Ethanol
- Properties of Ethanoic Acid
- Soaps and Detergents
Metals and Non Metals
- Metal and Its Physical Properties
- Non Metals and Its Physical Properties
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals Are Burnt in Air
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals React with Water
- Chemical Properties of Metals: When Metals React with Acids
- Chemical Properties of Metals: Metals React with Solutions of Other Metal Salts
- Chemical Properties of Metals: Reactivity Series
- Reaction of Metals with Non-metals
- Formation and Properties of Ionic Compounds
- Occurrence of Metals
- Extraction of Metals from Ore
- Enrichment of Ores
- Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals Towards the Top of the Activity Series
- Refining of Metals
- Concept of Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
Periodic Classification of Elements
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Concept of Acid and Its Properties
- Concept of Base
- Acid and Base Indicator
- Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases
- Reaction of Acids and Bases with Metals
- Reaction of Acids with Metal Carbonates and Hydrogencarbonates
- Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids
- Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base
- Acids and Bases React with Each Other
- Acid Or a Base in a Water Solution
- Strength of Acids and Bases
- Concept of Salts
- Ph of Salts
- Chemicals from Common Salt
- Preparation and Uses of Sodium Hydroxide
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
Chemical Reactions
- Concept of Physical Changes
- Classification of Change: Chemical Changes
- Concept of Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing of a Chemical Equation
- Combination Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Displacement Reaction
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Oxidation and Reduction
- Concept of Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
- Concept of Rancidity
- Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
World of Living
Heredity and Evolution
- Evolution and Classification - Introduction
- Accumulation of Variation During Reproduction
- Heredity - Inherited Traits
- Rules for the Inheritance of Traits - Mendel’S Contributions
- Sex Determination in Humans
- Concepts of Evolution
- Evolution - Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Speciation
- Heredity and Evolution
- Evolution and Classification - Tracing Evolutionary Relationships
- Evolution and Classification - Fossils
- Evolution by Stages
- Human Evolution
Reproduction
- Reproduction in Plant
- Reproductive Health - Need and Methods of Family Planning
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Single Organisms - Fission
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Fragmentation
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Regeneration
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Single Organisms - Budding
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Vegetative Propagation
- Modes of Reproduction Used by Multicellular Organisms - Spore Formation
- Sexual Reproduction in Animals
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Human Reproductive System
- Reproduction in Plant
Control and Co-ordination in Animals and Plants
- Control and Co-ordination Introduction
- Tropic Movements in Plants
- Coordination in Plants - Movement Due to Growth
- Coordination in Plants - Immediate Response to Stimulus
- Hormones in Animals
- Control and Co-ordination in Animals
- Importance of Variation
- Animals – Nervous System
- Human Brain - Voluntary Action
- Human Brain - Involuntary Action
- Human Brain - Reflex Action
- Control and Co-ordination Questions
Life Processes
Natural Phenomena
- Refraction of Light
- Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Linear Magnification (M) Due to Spherical Mirrors
- Velocity of Light
- Refraction of Light
- Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Refractive Index
- Refraction by Spherical Lenses
- Convex Lens
- Concave Lens
- Convex Lens
- Concave Lens
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Magnification of a Lens
- Power of a Lens
- Concept of Human Eye
- Defects of Vision and Their Correction
- Applications of Spherical Mirrors and Lenses
- Dispersion by a Prism
- Atmospheric Refraction
- Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight
Effects of Current
Magnetic Effects of Current
- Magnetic Effect of a Current
- Magnetic Field Lines
- Magnetic Force
- The Bar Magnet
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current carrying Straight Conductor
- Right-Hand Thumb Rule
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Through a Circular Loop
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Solenoid
- Force Acting on Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Electric Generator - Ac
- Domestic Electric Circuits
- Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)
- Introduction of Magnetism
Effects of Current
- Effects of Current Introduction
- Electric Current
- Electric Potential
- Electric Potential Difference
- Electric Circuit
- Ohm’s Law
- Factors on Which the Resistance of a Conductor Depends
- Resistance of a System of Resistors - Resistors in Series
- Resistance of a System of Resistors - Resistors in Parallel
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Electric Power
- Effects of Current Numericals
Natural Resources
Management of Natural Resources
- Conservation and Judicious Use of Natural Resources
- Need to Manage Our Resources
- Forests and Wild Life - Stakeholders
- Forests and Wild Life - Sustainable Management
- Coal and Petroleum
- Water for All - Dams
- Water for All - Water Harvesting
- Overview of Natural Resource Management
- Sustainability of Natural Resources
- Concept of Rainwater Harvesting (Importance)
Our Environment
Sources of Energy
- Sources of Energy Introduction
- Good Source of Energy
- Different Forms of Energy
- Conventional Sources of Energy
- Conventional Sources of Energy - Thermal Power Plant
- Conventional Sources of Energy - Hydro Power Plants
- Improvements in the Technology for Using Conventional Sources of Energy
- Alternative or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Solar Energy
- Alternative or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Energy from the Sea
- Alternative Or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Geothermal Energy
- Alternative or Non-conventional Sources of Energy - Nuclear Energy
- Environmental Consequences
- Energy Source - How Long Will Last Us
- Renewable Versus Non-renewable Sources
notes
EXCRETION SYSTEM IN HUMAN BEINGS:-
The excretory system consists of
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A pair of Kidneys
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A pair of ureters
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The urinary bladder
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The urethra
Kidneys:-
Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
The purpose of making
urine is to filter out waste products from the blood.
Just as CO2 is removed from the blood in the lungs,
nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid are
removed from blood in the kidneys.
FORMATION OF URINE:-
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Each kidney contains many filtration units called as Nephrons.
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Nephrons are made up of a cluster of thin walled capillaries called glomerulus which is associated with a cup like structure called as Bowman’s capsule and the long tube which terminated through this capsule
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The renal artery brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys along with the nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid and many other substances
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The blood gets filtered through the glomerulus and this filtrate enters the tubular part of nephron
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As this filtrate moves down the tubular part, glucose, amino acids, salts and excess of water gets selectively reabsorbed by the blood vessels surrounding these tubules
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The amount of water reabsorbed depends upon how much excess of water is there in the body and how much nitrogenous wastes need to be excreted out so the fluid now flowing in the tubular part is urine which gets collected in collecting ducts of nephrons
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These collecting ducts together leave the kidney at a common point by forming the ureter
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Each ureter drains the urine in the urinary bladder where it is stored until the pressure of the expanded bladder leads to an urge to pass it out through urethra
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This bladder is a muscular structure which is under nervous control.
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180 litres of filtrate is formed daily but only 2 litres is excreted out as urine so the rest is reabsorbed in the body
Artificial kidney (Hemodialysis):-
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Kidneys are vital organs for survival. Several factors like infections, injury or restricted blood flow to kidneys reduce the activity of kidneys. This leads to accumulation of poisonous wastes in the body, which can even lead to death.
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In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney can be used. An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood through dialysis.
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Artificial kidneys contain a number of tubes with a semi-permeable lining, suspended in a tank filled with dialysing fluid. This fluid has the same osmotic pressure as blood, except that it is devoid of nitrogenous wastes.
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The patient’s blood is passed through these tubes. During this passage, the waste products from the blood pass into dialysing fluid by diffusion. The purified blood is pumped back into the patient.
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This is similar to the function of the kidney, but it is different since there is no reabsorption involved. Normally, in a healthy adult, the initial filtrate in the kidneys is about 180 L daily. However, the volume actually excreted is only a litre or two a day, because the remaining filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.
EXCRETION IN PLANTS:-
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They can get rid of excess water by transpiration. For other wastes, plants use the fact that many of their tissues consist of dead cells, and that they can even lose some parts such as leaves.
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Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles.
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Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off.
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Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem. Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.