Eight Cardinal Points

Interpretation of Topographical Maps

Location, Extent and Physical Features

• India: a Subcontinent
• Indian - Location, Size and Extent
• India’s Land and Water Frontiers
• India and the World
• Physical Divisions of India
• The North Indian Mountains
• The Himalayas
• Characteristics of Himalayas
• Significance of the Great Northern Wall
• North Indian Plains
• Significance of the Northern Indian Plains
• The Peninsular Indian Plateau
• Drainage Systems in the Peninsular India
• Significance of the Peninsular Plateau
• The Indian Coastal Plains
• Significance of the Coastal Plains
• The Indian Islands

Climate

• Climate of India
• Factors Affecting the Indian Climate
• The Indian Monsoon
• Seasons of India
• The Summer or Hot Weather Season
• Southwest Monsoon or Rainy Season
• Northeast monsoon season or Retreating Monsoon
• The Winter Season or Cold Weather
• Distribution of Rainfall

Soil Resources

• Introduction to Soils
• Types of Soils in India
• Alluvial Soil
• Black Soil
• Red Soil
• Laterite Soils
• Soil Erosion
• Causes of Soil Erosion
• Prevention of Soil Erosion
• Soil Conservation
• Types of Soil

Natural Vegetation

• Natural Vegetation
• Importance of Forest
• Natural Vegetation of India
• Tropical Evergreen or Rain Forests
• Tropical Deciduous Forest
• Tropical Thorny Forests and Scrubs
• Mangrove Forests (Tidal Forest)
• Mountain or Montane Forest
• Correlation of the Natural Vegetation (Forest) with the Environment
• Forest Conservation
• Measures of Forest Conservation

Water Resources

• Sources of Water Resources
• Need for Conservation and Management of Water
• Water Conservation Practices
• Irrigation in India
• Sources of Irrigation in India
• Well Irrigation
• Tubewell Irrigation
• Canal Irrigation
• Tank Irrigation
• Modern Irrigation Methods
• Drawbacks of Conventional Methods of Irrigation

Mineral and Energy Resources

Agriculture

Manufacturing Industries

Transport

Waste Management