Topics
Chemical Reactions and Equations
- Chemical Equation
- Balancing Chemical Equation
- Types of Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction
- Direct Combination (or Synthesis) Reaction
- Decomposition Reactions
- Single Displacement Reactions
- Double Displacement Reaction
- Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Reactions
- Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
- Rancidity of Food and Its Prevention
Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour (Chemistry)
Acids, Bases and Salts
- Acids
- Bases (Alkalis)
- Indicators
- Properties of Acids
- Properties of Bases (Alkalis)
- Acid or a Base in a Water Solution
- Similarities and Differences Between Acids and Bases
- Strength of Acidic or Basic Solutions
- Salts
- Important Salts in Daily Life
- Preparation and Uses of Sodium Hydroxide
- Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder
- Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Washing Soda
- Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris
World of Living (Biology)
Metals and Non Metals
- Types of Elements: Metals
- Physical Properties of Metals
- Chemical Properties of Metal
- Types of Elements: Non-metal
- Physical Properties of Non-metal
- Chemical Properties of Non-metal
- Electrovalent (or Ionic) Bond
- Reactivity Series of Metals
- Extraction of Metals
- Refining of Metals
- Corrosion of Metals and Its Prevention
- The Covalent Bond
Natural Phenomena (Physics)
Carbon and its Compounds
- Carbon: a Versatile Element
- The Covalent Bond
- Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
- Allotropy and Allotropes of Carbon
- Crystalline Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond
- Crystalline Allotropes of Carbon: Graphite
- Crystalline Allotropes of Carbon: Fullerene
- Chains, Branches and Rings of Carbon Compound
- Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds
- Homologous Series of Carbon Compound
- Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (IUPAC)
- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compound
- Ethanol
- Ethanoic Acid
- Soap
- Detergents
- Cleansing Action of Soap
Effects of Current (Physics)
Natural Resources
Periodic Classification of Elements
- History of Periodic Table: Early Attempts at the Classification of Elements
- Dobereiner’s Triads
- Newland's Law of Octaves
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- Merits and Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
- The Modern Periodic Table
- Periodic Properties
- Periodic Properties: Valency
- Periodic Properties: Atomic Radius Or Atomic Size
- Periodic Properties: Metallic Character
- Periodic Properties: Non-metallic Character
Life Processes
- Living Organisms and Life Processes
- Nutrients and Nutrition
- Mode of Nutrition in Plant
- Autotrophic Nutrition
- Heterotrophic Nutrition
- Different Ways of Taking Food
- Human Digestive System
- The Mouth and Buccal Cavity
- The Teeth and Its Structure
- The Salivary Glands
- Swallowing and Peristalsis
- The Food Pipe/Oesophagus
- The Stomach
- The Small Intestine
- Pancreas
- Absorption of Food
- The Large Intestine
- Assimilation of Food
- Liver
- Respiration
- Respiration in Organisms
- Breathing in Other Animals
- Osmoregulation
- Types of Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
- Human Respiratory System
- Circulation
- Blood
- Composition of Blood: Plasma (The Liquid Portion of Blood)
- Composition of Blood: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Composition of Blood: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Composition of Blood: Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Blood Circulatory System in Human
- Human Heart
- Blood Vessels – Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
- Circulation of Blood in the Heart (Functioning of Heart)
- Types of Blood Circulation
- Heart Beat - Heart Sounds "LUBB" and "DUP"
- Function of Platelets - Clotting of Blood (Coagulation)
- Lymph and Lymphatic System
- Blood Pressure (B.P.)
- Transportation of Water and Food in Plants
- Water and Mineral Absorption by Root
- Translocation of Water (Ascent of Sap)
- Translocation of Mineral Ions
- Transport of Food
- Transpiration
- Excretion: Substances to Be Eliminated
- Human Excretory System
- Function of the Kidney - “Production of Urine”
- Excretion in Plants
Internal assessment
Control and Co-ordination
- Control and Co-ordination in Animals
- Human Nervous System
- Neuron (Or Nerve Cell) and Its Types
- Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System
- Nerve Fibres
- Major Division of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The Human Brain
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Structure of Human Brain
- Reflex and Reflex Action
- Nervous Pathways in Reflexes
- Reflex Arc
- Co-ordination in Plant: Tropism in Plants
- Hormones
- Plant Hormones
- Types of Plant Hormones: Auxins
- Types of Plant Hormones: Gibberellins
- Types of Plant Hormones: Ethylene
- Types of Plant Hormones: Cytokinins
- Types of Plant Hormones: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
- Types of Plant Hormones: Ethylene
- Hormones in Animals
- Human Endocrine System
- Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
- Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland)
- Reproductive Glands (Gonads)
- Thymus Gland
How do Organisms Reproduce?
- Accumulation of Variation During Reproduction
- Reproduction in Plant
- Mode of Reproduction in Plant
- Asexual Reproduction in Plant
- Natural Vegetative Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Sexual Reproduction in Animals
- Human Reproductive System
- The Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Reproductive Health
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
Heredity and Evolution
- Accumulation of Variation During Reproduction
- Heredity
- Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Inheritance of One Gene (Monohybrid Cross)
- Inheritance of Two Genes (Dihybrid Cross)
- Mendelian Inheritance - Mendel’s Laws of Heredity
- Sex Determination
- Evolution
- Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
- Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
- Theories of Origin of Life
- Speciation
- Evolution and Classiffication
- Evidences for Biological Evolution
- Paleobotany
- Evolution by Stages
- Origin and Evolution of Man
Light - Reflection and Refraction
- Reflection of Light
- Law of Reflection of Light
- Mirrors and Its Types
- Plane Mirror and Reflection
- Spherical Mirrors
- Rules for the Construction of Image Formed by a Spherical Mirror
- Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- Concave Mirror
- Image Formation by Concave Mirror
- Convex Mirror
- Image Formation by Convex Mirror
- Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
- Mirror Equation/Formula
- Linear Magnification (M) Due to Spherical Mirrors
- Refraction of Light
- Refraction of Light Through a Rectangular Glass Slab
- Law of Refraction of Light
- Refractive Index
- Spherical Lens
- Images Formed by Sperical Lenses
- Guideline for Image Formation Due to Refraction Through a Convex and Concave Lens
- Concave Lens
- Images Formed Due to Refraction Through a Concave Lens
- Convex Lens
- Images Formed Due to Refraction Through a Convex Lens
- Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses
- Lens Formula
- Magnification Due to Spherical Lenses
- Power of a Lens
The Human Eye and the Colourful World
- Human Eye: Structure of the Eye
- Working of the Human Eye
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Myopia Or Near-sightedness
- Eye Defect and its correction: Hypermetropia or far-sightedness
- Eye Defect and Its Correction: Presbyopia
- Care of the Eyes
- Refraction of Light Through a Prism
- Prism
- Dispersion of Light Through Prism and Formation of Spectrum
- Atmospheric Refraction
- Application of Atmospheric Refraction
- Scattering of Light and Its Types
- Applications of Scattering of Light
Electricity
- Electricity
- Electric Current
- Electric Circuit
- Potential and Potential Difference
- Symbols and Functions of Various Components of an Electric Circuits
- Ohm's Law (V = IR)
- Factors Affecting the Resistance of a Conductor
- Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity
- Resistors in Series
- Resistances in Parallel
- Effects of Electric Current
- Heating Effect of Electric Current
- Electrical Power
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
- Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
- Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field Lines
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Straight Conductor
- Rule to Find the Direction of Magnetic Field
- Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Loop (Or Circular Coil)
- Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carving Cylindrical Coil (or Solenoid)
- Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
- Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Electric Generator
- Alternating Current (A.C.) Generator
- Direct Current Motor
- Household Electrical Circuits
- Distinction Between an A.C. Generator and D.C. Motor
- Types of current: Alternating Current (A.C.) and Direct Current (D.C.)
Sources of Energy
- Source of Energy
- Conventional Sources of Energy and Non-conventional Sources of Energy
- Fossil Fuels
- Heat Energy (Thermal Energy)
- Hydroelectric Energy
- Bio-energy
- Wind Energy
- Solar Energy
- Solar Energy Devices
- Energy from the Sea
- Geothermal Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear Fission
- Different Forms of Energy
- Environmental Consequences
- How Long Will an Energy Source Last Us?
Our Environment
- The Environment
- Ecosystem
- Structure of an Ecosystem
- Classification of Animal
- Food Chain
- Tropic Level
- Food Web
- Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Waste and Its Categories
- Wastes Generated in Our Environment
- Waste Separation Exercise
- Solid Waste Management
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
- Sustainability of Natural Resources
- Case Study: Ganga Pollution and Ganga Action Plan
- Solid Waste Management
- Five R’s of Waste Management
- Conservation and Judicious Use of Resources
- Forests: Our Lifeline
- Stakeholders of Forest
- Conservation of Forest
- Conservation of Wildlife
- Water Management (Conservation of Water)
- Fresh Water Management
- Non-crystalline/Amorphous Forms: Coal
- Petroleum
- Conservation of Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Resources
- Overview of Natural Resource Management
- Conventional Sources of Energy (Inexhaustible Natural Resources)
- Non-Conventional Sources of Energy (Exhaustible Natural Resources)
- Difference between Conventional Sources of Energy and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
Notes
CONVECTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:-
Fossil Fuels:
-Formed by decomposition of dead remains of living organisms.
-Take millions of years for their formation and very difficult to replenish.
-The fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy, so we need to conserve them. If we were to continue consuming these sources at such alarming rates, we would soon run out of energy
Advantages:
-Used in gas stoves for cooking.
Fuel in vehicles
-For generating electricity
-In various industries
Disadvantages:
-Non-renewable source, hence may exhaust in near future
-Harmful chemicals like oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur are released on burning fossil fuels
-Causes air pollution and acid rains
-Causes greenhouse effect
-threaten the ecological balance of the areas around fuel extraction.
Notes
| Renewable Resources | Non-renewable Resources |
| It can be used again and again throughout its life. | It cannot be used again and again as it is limited which can be depleted one day. |
| They are the energy resources which cannot be exhausted. | They are the energy resources which can be exhausted one day. |
| It is environment-friendly as the amount of carbon emission is low. | It is not environment-friendly as the amount of carbon emission is high. |
| These resources are present in unlimited quantity. | These resources are present in a limited quantity only. |
| The total cost of these resources is low. | The total cost of these resources is comparatively high. |
| These resources are pollution free. | These resources are not pollution free. |
| The maintenance cost of the renewable resources is very high. | The maintenance cost of the renewable resources is low. |
| Requires large land area for the installation of the power plant. | Requires less land area for the installation of the power plant. |
| It is sustainable | It is exhaustible |
| The rate of renewal is greater than the rate of consumption. | The rate of renewal is lower than the rate of consumption. |
| Causes no harm to life existing on the planet earth. | Adversely affect the health of humans by emitting smoke, radiations, carcinogenic or cancer causing elements into the environment. |
| Sunlight, are the examples of renewable resources. | Coal, petroleum, natural gases, batteries, are the examples of non-renewable resources |
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