Topics
Solid State
- General Characteristics of Solid State
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Primitive and Centred Unit Cells
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Close Packed Structures of Solids
- Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
- Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures
- Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures
- Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
- Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric Defects
- Types of Point Defects - Impurity Defects
- Types of Point Defects - Non-stoichiometric Defects
- Electrical Properties - Introduction
- Conduction of Electricity in Metals
- Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors
- Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors
- Magnetic Properties
- Band Theory of Metals
- Solid State Numericals
Solutions
- Types of Solutions
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Introduction of Solubility
- Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions - Introduction
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions
- Raoult’s Law as a Special Case of Henry’s Law
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
- Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Introduction
- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- Elevation of Boiling Point
- Depression of Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification
- Abnormal Molar Masses
- Solution Numericals
- Quantitative Concentration Numericals
- Composition of Vapour Phase
- Kohlrausch's law
- Introduction of Solution
Electrochemistry
- Introduction to Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical Cells
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cells - Introduction
- Galvanic Cells - Measurement of Electrode Potential
- Nernst Equation - Introduction
- Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
- Products of Electrolysis
- Primary Batteries
- Secondary Batteries
- Fuel Cells
- Concept of Corrosion
- Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
- Lead Accumulator
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
- Integrated Rate Equations - Introduction
- Zero Order Reactions
- First Order Reactions
- Half-life of a Reaction
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
- Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
- Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
- Kinetic Energy of Molecule
- Role of Catalyst
- Rate Law and Specific Rate Constant
Surface Chemistry
- Introduction of Adsorption
- Distinction Between Adsorption and Absorption
- Mechanism of Adsorption
- Types of Adsorption
- Adsorption Isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm)
- Adsorption from Solution Phase
- Applications of Adsorption
- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Shape-selective Catalysis by Zeolites
- Enzyme Catalysis
- Catalysts in Industry
- Colloids
- Classification Based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
- Classification Based on Nature of Interaction Between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
- Classification Based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids
- Preparation of Colloids
- Purification of Colloidal Solutions
- Properties of Colloidal Solutions
- Emulsions
- Colloids Around Us
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Occurrence of Metals
- Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
- Hydraulic Washing
- Magnetic Separation
- Froth Floatation Method
- Leaching
- Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
- Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Application of Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
- Oxidation Reduction
- Refining of Crude Metals
- Principles and Methods of Extraction - Concentration
- Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
- General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Numerical
P - Block Elements
- Concept of Group 15 Elements
- Dinitrogen
- Ammonia
- Oxides of Nitrogen
- Nitric Acid
- Phosphorus - Allotropic Forms
- Compounds of Phosphorus
- Phosphine
- Phosphorus Halides
- Oxoacids of Phosphorus
- Concept of Group 16 Elements
- Dioxygen
- Classification of Oxides
- Simple Oxides
- Ozone
- Sulphur - Allotropic Forms
- Compounds of Sulphur
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Oxoacids of Sulphur
- Sulphuric Acid
- Concept of Group 17 Elements
- Compounds of Halogens
- Chlorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Oxoacids of Halogens
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Concept of Group 18 Elements
- P Block Elements
"D" and "F" Block Elements
- Position in the Periodic Table - d-block Elements
- Electronic Configurations of the D-block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (D-block)
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements - Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals
- The Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Some Applications of d and f Block Elements
- General Introduction of "D" and "F" Block Element
- "D" and "F" Block Elements Numericals
Coordination Compounds
- Introduction of Coordination Compounds
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds - Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
- Stereoisomerism
- Structural Isomerism
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds - Introduction
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Colour in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
- Stability of Coordination Compounds
- Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Coordination Compounds Numerical
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Introduction of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nomenclature
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Reaction with Metals
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Nucleophilic Substitution
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Reaction with Metals
- Polyhalogen Compounds
- R-s and D-l Configuration
- Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Numericals
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Classification of Alcohols and Phenols
- Classification of Ethers
- Nomenclature
- Structures of Functional Groups of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohols
- Methods of Preparation of Phenols
- Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
- Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond
- Reactions Involving Cleavage of Carbon–Oxygen (C–O) Bond in Alcohols
- Chemical Properties of Phenol
- Preparation of Commercially Important Alcohols
- Preparation of Ethers from Dehydration of Alcohols and Williamson Systhesis
- Physical Properties of Ethers
- Chemical Reaction of Ethers - Cleavege of C-O Bonds
- Chemical Reaction of Ethers - Electrophilic Substitution
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Introduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nature of Carbonyl Group
- Structure of the Carbonyl Group
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Aldehydes
- Preparation of Ketones
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reduction
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Oxidation
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Other Reactions
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Introduction of Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Structure of the Carboxyl group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of O-H Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of C-OH Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving –COOH Group
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Amines
- Introduction of Amines
- Structure of Amines
- Classification of Amines
- Nomenclature of Animes
- Preparation of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Basic Character of Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Alkylation and Acylation
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Arylsulphonyl Chloride
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution
- Uses of Amines
- Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Cyanides and Isocyanides
- Introduction of Diazonium Salts
- Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Physical Properties of Diazonium Salts
- Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Displacement of Nitrogen
- Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Retention of Diazo Group
- Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
- Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Numericals
Biomolecules
- Introduction of Carbohydrates
- Classification of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccahrides
- Preparation of Glucose
- Structures of Glucose
- Structure of Fructose
- Disaccharides - Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose
- Polysaccharides - Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Importance of Carbohydrates
- Introduction of Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Classification of Amino Acids
- Structure of Proteins
- Denaturation of Proteins
- Peptide
- Introduction of Enzymes
- Mechanism of Enzyme Action
- Introduction of Vitamins
- Classification of Vitamins
- Introduction of Nucleic Acids
- Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids
- Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids
- Lipids and Hormones
- Biomolecules Numericals
Polymers
- Introduction of Polymers
- Classification of Polymers Based on Source
- Classification of Polymers Based on Structure
- Classification of Polymers Based on Mode of Polymerisation
- Classification of Polymers Based on Molecular Forces
- Classification of Polymers Based on Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Molecular Mass of Polymers
- Biodegradable Polymers
- Polymers of Commercial Importance
- Some Important Polymers
- Polymers Numericals
Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Drugs and Their Classification
- Drug-target Interaction - Enzymes as Drug Targets
- Drug-target Interaction - Receptors as Drug Targets
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antacids
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antihistamines
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Neurologically Active Drugs
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antimicrobials
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antifertility Drugs
- Chemicals in Food - Artificial Sweetening Agents and Food Preservatives
- Cleansing Agents - Soaps
- Cleansing Agents - Synthetic Detergents
- Chemistry in Everyday Life Numericals
description
- From acyl chloride (acid chloride)
- From nitriles and esters
- From hydrocarbons
(i) By oxidation of methylbenzene
(a) Use of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2)
(b) Use of chromic oxide (CrO3)
(ii) By side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis
(iii) By Gatterman – Koch reaction
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